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Perspectives from behavior-based psychology (behaviorism) and person-based psychology (humanism) are integrated to summarize ways to protect the environment. Community-based interventions are needed to decrease environment-destructive behaviors and to increase environment-protective behaviors. Intervention agents are needed to implement these interventions on a large scale, and this requires people to "actively care" enough to emit other-directed (or altruistic) behaviors for environmental protection. Person factors that influence one's propensity to actively care include self-esteem, belongingness, self-efficacy, personal control, and optimism. Thus person-based psychology defines the states or expectancies needed in people to increase their willingness to actively care for the environment, and behavior-based psychology offers the technology for changing behaviors and attitudes (including actively caring person states).

Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Foreword by Bobby Kipper -- Preface The Initiation and Evolution of the AC4P Movement -- From Principles to Applications -- Lesson 1: Employ More Positive Consequences -- Lesson 2: Benefit from Observational Learning -- Lesson 3: Improve with Behavioral Feedforward and Feedback -- Lesson 4: Use More Supportive than Corrective Feedback -- Lesson 5: Embrace and Practice Empathy -- Lesson 6: Distinguish between Managing Behavior and Leading People -- Lesson 7: Progress from Self-Actualization to Self-Transcendence -- The AC4P Movement -- In Conclusion -- Suggested Readings -- Personal Stories of AC4P -- Bystander Intervention Stories -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- About the Author.

A vehicle dashboard sticker that read "SAFETY BELT USE RE- QUIRED IN THIS VEHICLE" was found to double the use of safety belts by front-seat passengers. During an initial two-week baseline phase, 24 graduate students (who always buckled up when driving) recorded safety belt use by front-seat passengers in their automobiles. The mean baseline belt use of 476 passengers was 34%. Subsequently, buckle-up stickers were placed in the 24 vehicles, and passenger belt increased to 70% (N = 448). Two weeks later the stickers were withdrawn and passenger belt use dropped to 41% (N = 406). Replacement of the 24 stickers for two final weeks resulted in 78% belt use by 392 front seat passengers.

This book provides safety leaders with information they can use to reduce workplace injuries by addressing the five integral components of workplace safety: Systems/Conditions, Leadership, Behaviors, People-Factors, and Communication. Utilizing the Behavior Based Safety model, it gives the safety manager all the tools needed to improve workplace safety. The text is complemented by numerous charts and tables, a checklist for improving safety performance, and a foreword by world-renowned safety leader E. Scott Geller.

Levels of intoxication among university students were assessed at two types of parties: fraternity and private (nonfraternity) parties. Participants' blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels were assessed using hand-held breathalyzers at 19 parties (11 at fraternity houses and 8 at private residences). A total of 1,525 students (502 women and 1,023 men) participated. Results indicated that students were significantly more intoxicated at fraternity parties (mean BAC = .093) than at private parties (mean BAC = .082), and men (mean BAC = .093) were significantly more intoxicated than women (mean BAC = .080). These results support the common belief that parties hosted by fraternity groups set the occasion for the highest levels of intoxication found on college campuses. The failure to find a main effect for Greek-life status suggests the environmental context (i.e., fraternity house) is a critical determinant of excessive alcohol consumption.

Ways to increase the delivery of a special thank-you card following behavior that protected the environment or helped another person were addressed. In Study 1, direct rewards for the target behavior were compared with indirect rewards for making a promise to emit the target behavior. Rewards for promising to give out thank-you cards resulted in the most participation and led to the most cards used per participant. In Study 2, students in one class received coupons for a raffle if they signed a petition to hand out two or more thank-you cards (indirect rewards). In a second class, students got one opportunity to win prizes in a raffle for each card delivered (direct rewards). Significantly more cards were distributed in the Direct Reward condition. However, significantly more students handed out at least one card in the Indirect Reward condition. Implications for encouraging college students to support pro-environment and pro-social behaviors are discussed.

An A-B-A reversal design with a long-term follow-up evaluated a community-wide commitment and incentive program to improve pedestrian safety. The campaign encouraged residents of a college community to sign promise cards to use crosswalks when crossing campus roads and to yield to pedestrians in crosswalks when driving. Crosswalk use increased during a 6-week intervention period to 68% ( n = 1,718) from a baseline mean of 58% ( n = 2,038). Driver-yielding behavior significantly increased throughout the study, from a baseline mean of 23% ( n = 979) to a mean of 44% ( n = 272) for 2 weeks after the removal of intervention materials and termination of publicity. Observations of crosswalk use and yielding behavior 1 year after the intervention revealed that crosswalk use returned to near baseline levels (61%, n = 1,954), but driver-yielding behavior (53%, n = 602) remained high, substantially above the baseline. Recommendations for institutionalizing pedestrian safety campaigns are offered.

In order to examine two environmental conditions as potential determinants of alcohol consumption, university students at a fraternity party (94 males and 84 females) were served beer and mixed drinks by bartenders (bartender condition) or obtained them from a self-service station (self-service condition). The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of the partiers was assessed when they arrived and when they left the party. Throughout the party, individual rates of obtaining beer and mixed drinks from the bar and self-service station were monitored. Beer drinkers (especially males) assigned randomly to the self-service condition drank beer at higher rates than beer drinkers served by a bartender. In contrast, the partiers (especially males) who chose mixed drinks drank more beverages in the bartender condition than in the self-service condition. This impact of serving mode was interpreted with basic response-cost notions. That is partiers drank more beer when serving themselves because pouring beer from a pitcher to a mug was faster and more convenient than requesting and receiving a beer from a bartender. On the other hand, preparing mixed drinks required some knowledge and inconvenience, and, therefore, the bartenders decreased this response cost and increased the consumption of mixed drinks. The partiers as a whole got more intoxicated than subjects in similar naturalistic studies, and environmental factors are entertained to explain this difference.

Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface The Initiation and Evolution of AC4P Policing -- From Principles to Applications -- Lesson 1 Employ More Positive Consequences -- Lesson 2 Benefit from Observational Learning. -- Lesson 3 Improve with Behavioral Feedforward and Feedback -- Lesson 4 Use More Supportive than Corrective Feedback -- Lesson 5 Embrace and Practice Empathy -- Lesson 6 Distinguish between Managing Behavior and Leading People -- Lesson 7 Progress from Self-Actualization to Self-Transcendence -- Conclusion -- Suggested Readings -- Notes -- AC4P Policing in Action -- About the Authors