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Canada has had women's policy institutions since the 1950, with a flurry of innovation in the early 1970s, but effectiveness has been uneven. Canadian femocrats have brough about change in substantive policy working within the Canadian policy-making model. However, a single visible goal has been lacking, women's interests were never formally integrated, & the interpretation of the place of women's agencies in state agencies has been influenced by changing state ideologies. Progress in research & education occurred only when conditions like a change in government, a sympathetic minister, or effective lobbying by women's groups brought together supportive factors. The relation between women's groups & the women's policy agencies in the federal government appeared to be symbiotic until the mid-1980s, since advocates for women spoke principally through the women's National Action Committee (NAC). In the mid-1980s, leftist feminists took more control of the NAC, & the Quebec feminists rejected the NAC's liberal stance. Now state-women's groups relations are more contentious. M. Pflum