Suchergebnisse

In this study we examined whether or not contingencies of self-worth (CSW) moderated the effect of specific self-esteem on self-liking or self-competence. Chinese university students (N = 210) completed the Chinese version of the Contingencies of Self-worth Scale (Crocker, Luhtanen,
Cooper, & Bouvrette, 2003; translated into Chinese by Cheng & Kwan, 2008), the Chinese version of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; translated into Chinese by Wang, Wang, & Ma, 1999), and our own adaptation for this study of the Self-attribution Questionnaire (Pelham
& Swann, 1989) to assess self-liking, self-competence, global self-esteem, 6 domains of CSW consisting of others' approval, appearance, academic competence, competition, family support, and virtue, and specific self-esteem in these same 6 domains. Results showed that CSW did not have a
moderating effect on the relationship between specific self-esteem and global self-esteem in the 6 domains. However, when we classified self-esteem into 2 distinct categories of self-liking and self-competence, we found that there were moderator effects of CSW between specific self-esteem
and either self-liking or self-competence in 3 of the 6 domains. The different moderator effects in the 6 domains are discussed.

Sixty-five heroin abusers receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT), 38 heroin abusers not receiving MMT, and 30 nonusers of drugs participated in this investigation of cognition in heroin and methadone users. Heroin users were measured for both implicit and explicit cognition,
while the control group of nonusers was measured only for implicit cognition. The results demonstrate that implicit cognition can influence the development of addictive behaviors, and that implicit and explicit cognition of heroin were separate and independent constructs. Based on the results
of Implicit Association Tests (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) MMT appears to be a valid method for opiate withdrawal treatment as it reverses the implicit desire for heroin in heroin abusers.

In this study we investigated the television cognition of 53 "left-behind" children. We examined explicit cognition using the Television Virtual and Real Life Questionnaire (Geng & Zhou, 2011) and used the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT; Sriram & Greenwald,
2009) to examine implicit cognition toward television virtual and real life. The results showed that the left-behind children in our study had weak explicit abilities to discriminate between television virtual and real life and had relatively strong implicit abilities to discriminate between
television virtual and real life. In other words, their explicit and implicit discrimination abilities were different. Based on our findings, we give suggestions about education aimed at improving the television cognition of left-behind children.

We investigated whether Chinese children who have migrated from the countryside to the city have a sense of belonging to their hometown or to their current place of residence. We measured both their explicit and implicit sense of belonging using the Sense of Belonging Questionnaire
(SBQ; Sun, 2007) and the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT; Sriram & Greenwald, 2009). We found that there was a discrepancy between these children's explicit and implicit cognition: they had an explicit sense of belonging to the cities in which they lived and an implicit sense of
belonging to their previous homes in the countryside. Our findings may help migrant children adapt to city life by leading them to explore their implicit ability to differentiate virtual life on television from real life.

The relationships among self-esteem, self-efficacy, and faith in people in Chinese heroin abusers were investigated. We used 3 rating scales to survey a sample of 200 heroin abusers: the Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Self-efficacy Questionnaire for Chinese Drug Users (Geng
& Han, 2008), and the Faith in People Scale (Rosenberg, 1956). A correlation analysis and a regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. The correlations among self-esteem, self-efficacy, and faith in people were significantly positive. Self-efficacy and faith in people results
were found to be predictive of the self-esteem level of participants at a statistically significant level.

In this study, we explored implicit materialistic and postmaterialistic values, focusing on the relationship between these values and environmental behaviors. Participants were 60 Chinese students, who completed via self-report the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Environmental
Behaviors Questionnaire, along with a situation simulation experiment to measure their actual environmental behavior. Our results provide the first evidence for an application of the IAT in research focused on materialism and postmaterialism. We found that implicit postmaterialism significantly
predicted proenvironmental behavioral intention in a Chinese context, and implicit materialism was a strong predictor of actual proenvironmental behaviors (i.e., avoidance of paper waste). These results indicate that, for Chinese people, materialism is an important motivation for their actual
proenvironmental behaviors.

The current article explores the impact of mindfulness on belief in climate change and the mediating effect of connectedness with nature in this relationship. Belief in climate change was assessed both explicitly (using a self-report questionnaire) and implicitly (using an Implicit Association Test [IAT]). A total of 103 university students were recruited for a between-subjects experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to a mindfulness or mindlessness intervention and then completed IAT and several questionnaires. The results showed that mindfulness significantly increased belief in climate change, both explicitly and implicitly. Our findings also showed that the relationship between mindfulness and climate change beliefs was mediated by an increase in connectedness with nature. These results indicate that mindfulness is an effective way to promote belief in climate change and that connectedness with nature plays an important role in this process.

We examined whether or not implicit attitudes towards recycling and recycling behavior can be changed through evaluative conditioning. In the experimental condition, pictures depicting recycling were paired with pleasant images, and pictures depicting consumerism were paired with unpleasant
images. In the control condition, recycling and consumerism stimuli were randomly paired with pleasant and unpleasant images. Implicit attitudes were measured using the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). A virtual shopping task was used to assess recycling
behavior. Participants in the experimental condition had more positive associations with recycling than did those in the control condition, but no behavioral differences were found between the two groups. These results suggest that evaluative conditioning procedures can produce changes in
implicit attitudes towards recycling, but do not influence recycling behavior.