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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Government regulations of nicotine vaping products (NVP) have evolved rapidly over the past decade. The impact of NVP regulatory environment and vaping on cigarette demand in unknown. The current study aims to investigate whether or not respondents' reported cigarette demand, as measured by a hypothetical cigarette purchase task, varies with 1) smoking status, 2) vaping status, or 3) NVP regulatory environment (country used as proxy). PARTICIPANTS: 10,316 adult smokers. SETTING: Australia (AU), Canada (CA), England (EN), and the Untied States (US). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey data from Wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping (4CV) Survey (2016). METHODS: Data for this cross-sectional study were from 10,316 adult smokers who participated in Wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping (4CV) Survey, which was conducted in 2016 in Australia (AU), Canada (CA), England (EN), and the United States (US). The purchase task asked smokers to estimate how many cigarettes they would purchase for consumption in a single day across multiple cigarette prices. Overall sensitivity of cigarette consumption to price increases was quantified to index cigarette demand elasticity whereas estimated consumption when cigarettes are free was used to index cigarette demand intensity. MEASUREMENTS: A hypothetical purchase task asked smokers to estimate how many cigarettes they would purchase for consumption in a single day across multiple cigarette prices. Responses were used to derive measures of cigarette demand. Overall sensitivity of cigarette consumption to price increases was quantified to index cigarette demand elasticity whereas estimated consumption when cigarettes are free was used to index cigarette demand intensity. RESULTS: A majority of the non-daily smokers had previously smoked daily (72.3%); daily vapers were more likely to be former daily smokers (89.9%) compared to non-daily vapers (70.1%) and non-vapers (69.2%) ...

As professionals concerned for people with dementia today and dedicated to finding more effective treatment and prevention for dementia tomorrow, we value our membership of the European Union (EU) and are deeply concerned by the prospect of the UK exiting. The EU has made dementia research a priority and has made substantial funds available for research that is driving faster, more effective clinical trials that are our best hope of finding a disease-modifying therapy. With its strong science and translational research base, the UK is making a considerable contribution to these studies.

Yes ; This paper reflects Alzheimer Europe's position on PPI (patient and public involvement) in the context of dementia research and highlights some of the challenges and potential risks and benefits associated with such meaningful involvement. The paper was drafted by Alzheimer Europe in collaboration with members of INTERDEM and the European Working Group of People with Dementia. It has been formally adopted by the Board of Alzheimer Europe and endorsed by the Board of INTERDEM and by the JPND working group 'Dementia Outcome Measures - Charting New Territory'. Alzheimer Europe is keen to promote the involvement of people with dementia in research, not only as participants but also in the context of PPI, by generating ideas for research, advising researchers, being involved in consultations and being directly involved in research activities. This position paper is in keeping with this objective. Topics covered include, amongst others, planning involvement, establishing roles and responsibilities, training and support, managing information and input from PPI, recognising the contribution of people with dementia involved in research in this way, promoting and protecting the rights and well-being of people with dementia, training and support, and promoting an inclusive approach and the necessary infrastructure for PPI in dementia research. ; European Union's Health Programme (2014-2020), grant number 707934. This work received funding under an operating grant from the European Union's Health Programme (2014-2020), grant number 707934. ; European Union's Health Programme (2014–2020), grant number 707934.