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The Canaanites, active during the years following the establishment of the State of Israel, were a small group of young writers, many of them former members of the Etzel and Lehi underground organizations. The group, led by the poet Yonathan Ratosh, had a political ideology involving clear demands upon Hebrew literature and culture, as spelled out in its official organ, Aleph. Canaanite ideology posited a Hebrew rather than a Jewish identity, and sought to create a new Hebrew culture. This article analyses the relations between the group's ideology, the demands it directed at literature, and the literary texts it actually produced. (DÜI-Hns)