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Vilniaus universitetasSocialinio darbo katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1 – 309 kab.LT-01513 VilniusTel. 8 615 17 924El. paštas: violeta.gevorgianiene@fsf.vu.lt

Šio straipsnio tikslas – remiantis skirtingoms disciplinoms atstovaujančių specialistų nuomonių tyrimu aptarti asmeninių kompetencijų reikšmę tarpdisciplininių ankstyvosios intervencijos vaikystėje komandų veiklai. Įvairioms profesinėms sritims atstovaujančių specialistų kompleksinė pagalba rizikos situacijoje esančiam žmogui reikalauja darnių veiksmų. Tokių veiksmų sėkmė priklauso ne tik nuo sprendžiamos problemos sudėtingumo, bet ir nuo kompetencijų, kurias demonstruoja atskiri komandos nariai ir visa komanda. Ankstyvosios intervencijos tarnybų specialistų sudaryti kompetencijų sąrašai parodė, kad dabartiniame tarpdisciplininio bendradarbiavimo etape (nesant senų tokio bendradarbiavimo tradicijų) didžiausia reikšmė yra skiriama komandos nario geranoriškumui ir atvirumui patirčiai.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: tarpdisciplininė komanda, asmeninė kompetencija, refleksija.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PERSONAL COMPETENCIES IN THE WORK OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAMVioleta Gevorgianienė
SummaryA complex support of a person in a difficult life situation requires coordinated efforts of specialists representing various professional fields. The quality of support and successful interdisciplinary team work in general depends not only on the complexity of the task, but also on competencies demonstrated by individual members of a team and the whole team in general. In the article the significance of personal competencies in interdisciplinary teams is analysed, based on the opinions survey of professionals working in early childhood intervention services. The method of expert evaluation (questionnaire) was used. Respondents were asked to compose two lists of competencies: firstly, to cognitively reflect on competencies which they considered important for the team work and, secondly, to recall most important competencies which they observed in practice and which most contributed to the successful team work. The lists of competencies composed by professionals revealed that in the current stage of interdisciplinary cooperation (when traditions of common work of different professionals are not yet strong) experts allocate the highest importance to competencies closely related to personal qualities of a colleague, such as agreeableness (revealed in the cognitive reflection) and openness to new experience (revealed in practice reflection).Key words: interdisciplinary team, personal competence, reflection.

2011 metų pavasarį išleistas pirmasis Tarptautinės socialinio darbo mokyklų asociacijos (IASSW) žurnalas ,,Social Dialogue". Įžanginiame straipsnyje tuometinė IASSW prezidentė Honkongo universiteto profesorė Angelina Yuen pažymėjo, kad leidinio tikslas – sukurti erdvę, kurioje socialinio darbo dėstytojai galėtų dalytis patirtimi bei tarptautinio bendradarbiavimo idėjomis. Galimybė dalytis su kolegomis žinojimu, laimėjimais, problemomis – tai ir galimybė tobulėti profesionaliai.

The effects of the community decay are widely discussed in EU. Community work is recognized as the "third" social work method in order to solve social problems. Additional competencies for social workers are required in community work. The competencies are provided through various trainings. In 2006 Lithuania and 6 other European countries started the Leonardo da Vinci project ,,Community care approach: a strategy for social inclusion", which sought to develop the knowledge and skills of community social workers. Each country has organized trainings within the framework of the project for the community social workers aimed at the development of specific competencies of a social worker in a community. The aim of the given article is to analyze the needs for competencies of community workers from 3 European countries - Hungary, Belgium and Lithuania - which would enable them to work better in/with the communities. The results of the research revealed some differences in the learning needs of the participants of 3 European countries: social workers from Belgium, the country with a longer tradition of community social work, demonstrated the least interest in the development of all competence areas. The results also show an area of concern: Hungarian and Lithuanian social workers fail to consider the research in the field of community needs. Lithuanian trainees demonstrated another significant tendency - alongside with the emphasis on the managerial skills they are trying to specify their new professional status, that is, a new role and identity in their work with the community.

The effects of the community decay are widely discussed in EU. Community work is recognized as the "third" social work method in order to solve social problems. Additional competencies for social workers are required in community work. The competencies are provided through various trainings. In 2006 Lithuania and 6 other European countries started the Leonardo da Vinci project ,,Community care approach: a strategy for social inclusion", which sought to develop the knowledge and skills of community social workers. Each country has organized trainings within the framework of the project for the community social workers aimed at the development of specific competencies of a social worker in a community. The aim of the given article is to analyze the needs for competencies of community workers from 3 European countries - Hungary, Belgium and Lithuania - which would enable them to work better in/with the communities. The results of the research revealed some differences in the learning needs of the participants of 3 European countries: social workers from Belgium, the country with a longer tradition of community social work, demonstrated the least interest in the development of all competence areas. The results also show an area of concern: Hungarian and Lithuanian social workers fail to consider the research in the field of community needs. Lithuanian trainees demonstrated another significant tendency - alongside with the emphasis on the managerial skills they are trying to specify their new professional status, that is, a new role and identity in their work with the community. ; Bendruomenės irimas ir šio reiškinio socialinės pasekmės jau keletą metų yra vienas iš atidesnio ES valstybių dėmesio objektų. Dažnai į bendruomenės plėtrą žvelgiama kaip į "trečiąjį" socialinio darbo metodą, galintį padėti spręsti socialines problemas. Socialiniai darbuotojai, dirbantys bendruomenėse, susiduria su papildomais reikalavimais savo kompetencijai. Šiuos reikalavimus mėginama spręsti įvairiais projektais bei mokymais. 2006-2008 metais Lietuva kartu su šešiomis Europos šalimis dalimis dalyvavo Leonardo da Vinči projekte "Bendruomenės plėtra: socialinės inkliuzijos strategija", kuriuo buvo siekiama tobulinti bendruomenėse dirbančių socialinių darbuotojų kompetenciją. Visos projekte dalyvavusios šalys surengė mokymus, jų dalyviai įgijo su darbu bendruomenėje susijusių žinių, įgūdžių bei vertybių šešiose srityse: teoriniai bendruomenės darbo pagrindai, vadyba, metodologija, specifiniai klausimai (darbas su skirtingomis klientų grupėmis), politiniai aspektai, socialinio darbuotojo vaidmuo ir identitetas. Prieš mokymus ir po jų buvo atlikta dalyvių anketinė apklausa, kurios pagrindas – kompetencijų sąrašas. Dalyviai žymėjo savo pasirinkimus penkių balų skale. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama kokius lūkesčius savo kompetencijai kėlė trijų šalių (Vengrijos, Belgijos ir Lietuvos) bendruomenių darbuotojai (iš viso 93 dalyviai). Šios šalys buvo pasirinktos kaip reprezentuojančios Rytų, Vidurio ir Vakarų Europą. Tyrimas parodė, kad lietuvių ir vengrų respondentai jaučia didesnį žinių ir gebėjimų stygių nei Belgijos socialiniai darbuotojai, juos labiau tenkina turima kompetencija ir jų poreikis įgyti žinių ir įgūdžių bendruomenės darbo srityje yra tik vidutinis. Iš visų kompetencijų sričių visiems mokymų dalyviams labiausiai pageidautina vadybos kompetencija. Kitas visų trijų šalių specialistų poreikis – vidinių bendruomenės išteklių plėtra, jos narių aktyvinimas. Vis dėlto kelia nerimą menkas Vengrijos ir Lietuvos specialistų dėmesys bendruomenės poreikių analizei, kuri, kaip rodo kitų autorių tyrimai, yra bendruomenės plėtros pamatas. Be jos, dominuojant vadybos metodams, sudėtinga sudominti bendruomenės narius aktyviau įsitraukti į bendruomenės gyvenimą. Įdomi tendencija pastebėta Lietuvos dalyvių atsakymuose: greta pabrėžiamų vadybos gebėjimų šiems respondentams rūpėjo savo vaidmens ir identiteto bendruomenėje paieška, rodanti socialinio darbuotojo statuso bendruomenėje kismą. Visas šalis siejo menkas poreikis įgyti gebėjimų, turinčių tarptautinį aspektą – atlikti tarpkultūrinius tyrimus, operuoti tarptautiniame kontekste pripažintomis socialinio darbo sąvokomis.

The concepts or social inclusion, participation of mentally disabled persons in social life are highly discussed in Lithuania. But the persons with mental handicaps are often the objects, not the subjects of these discussions. In the research presented in this article the attempt has been made to evaluate the extent and intensity of social participation from the perspective or mentally disabled persons themselves. The interview method has been used to investigate the perceptions of young mentally retarded individuals of these aspects of social life: social activity and the sense of well being, the personal meaning of the participation, the possibilities and the obstacles of participation, the opportunities to decide for themselves the level of participation, the sense of identity, etc. The research revealed, that mentally disabled persons do feel quite active in the social life in their immediate environment, they often feel as the decision-makers in the context of suggested choices, they describe themselves as being quite happy in their daily lives and connect the feeling of happiness mostly with their competences in different kind of activities, the possibilities to use these competences and with the existence of the social network of very close people (family members, friends, etc.). It has been also found that the value of participation is subjectively measured mostly not by the results of such participation, but by the process of participation itself.

Alzheimerio liga paveikia visą šeimos sistemą. Artimiesiems tenka spręsti ligonio globos klausimus. Nesant specializuotų paslaugų, dažnai ryžtamasi globoti ligonį namuose. Kokybinis tyrimas, kuriuo siekta atskleisti šeimos narių patirtį globos procese, parodė, kad kartų solidarumo teorijos požiūriu apsisprendimą globoti dažniausiai lemia normatyvinis solidarumas ir nepasitikėjimas globos institucijomis. Artimieji susiduria su dideliais globos iššūkiais ir ne visada pajėgūs juos įveikti patys. Tačiau paslaugų, kurios atlieptų specifinius globėjų poreikius, stinga. Todėl Alzheimerio liga sergančius artimuosius globojantys šeimos nariai, nepaisant didelio socialinės pagalbos, informacijos ir psichologinės paramos poreikio, lieka ,,nematomi" paslaugų sistemai. Šiuo požiūriu didelę reikšmę įgyja funkcinis šeimos narių solidarumas, suponuojantis paramos mainus sudėtingomis globos situacijomis.

This article explores the challenges faced by women with disabilities in combining the roles of 'mother' and 'worker' in Lithuania and reflects on the strategies mothers employed to overcome these. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with twenty women with a variety of (dis)abling conditions and diverse life experiences between 2014 and 2018. In-depth thematic analysis by qualitative research teams revealed a constant tension in women's aspirations to have a family and work. This revealed women's enormous personal resources which facilitated them to overcome challenges they faced in motherhood as well as seemingly insurmountable obstacles to employment. However, within the vicious circle of social and economic challenges, they fought their battles with silent compliance, which hid their experiences and potentially denied them opportunities for support. This research reveals a policy response in Lithuania that categorises disability as an individual issue to be overcome rather than a socially constructed experience. The findings indicate the need for reframing understanding at macro, as well as micro-level policy interventions. At the micro-level, sensitive forms of professional support would help mothers with disabilities to choose more pronounced strategies of coping while also maintaining their dignity and privacy. These findings provide insights into the specific situation of women in Lithuania but are also relevant to many other contexts.

The deinstitutionalization of social care in Lithuania started in 2012 after the adoption of the strategic guidelines by the Ministry of Social Security and Labour. The goal of this reform was to improve the care conditions and introduce new community-based services for persons with disabilities. Almost ten years of the reform resulted in only five percent of persons with disabilities who moved to community settings, mainly group-living homes. The slow-motion of the reform, as well as the tensions in the communities, suggests the need for a thorough analysis of the process of deinstitutionalization and its improvement.
Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is applied as a conceptual and methodological tool for understanding the roles of deinstitutionalization agents at different levels, including the Ministry of Social Security and Labour, municipalities, non-governmental organizations, social care institutions, and local communities. All of these agents are involved and diversely interact among themselves during the transformation process of the social care system. The ecological theory provides the necessary integrated approach to the analysis of the process of deinstitutionalization of the social care system at the micro-, meso-, exo-, and macro levels.
Deinstitutionalization and the trajectories of its participants reveal resilient connections with different fields of the ecological system and show that different system components not only represent different systems but become microsystems themselves that affect all elements in the ecological system.
The complexity of environmental systems constitutes the basis of ecological systems theory. It serves as a lens to guide the analysis of the transformation of a particular person's life in the context of deinstitutionalization. Herewith, it is an appropriate tool for understanding the impact of deinstitutionalization on specific local communities.

Svarbūs veikėjai vaiko teisių apsaugos sistemos pertvarkos procese yra šioje srityje dirbantys specialistai, kurių veiklos kokybė ir efektyvumas buvo vienas svarbių pertvarkos poreikio motyvų. Straipsnyje keliamas klausimas, kiek šių specialistų darbo sąlygų, darbo organizavimo klausimai sulaukia dėmesio pagrindiniuose teisės aktuose, apibrėžiančiuose vaiko teisių apsaugos ir gerovės sistemų rėmus bei pagrindinius principus. Analizė atskleidė, kad dėmesio šiems klausimams stinga, ypač turint galvoje, jog šie specialistai veikia rizikingomis, emociškai sudėtingomis ir prieštaravimų kupinomis sąlygomis.In this article, authors analyze the legal regulation of the work of Child rights protection (CRP) specialists in the context of the transformation of the CRP system in Lithuania. Intensive changes in the legislation and practice organization field of CRP over the last three years have created preconditions for better operational functioning of the system. However, it can be concluded that the professional status of CRP specialists is not yet completely shaped. There are no requirements for the qualification, the procedure for its promotion and certification; the work of specialists is more defined by the functions they perform than by professional competence. Although workers work in risky, emotionally challenging conditions, health and safety measures are not definitely determined. The basic legislation shaping the protection and welfare of the rights of children pays little attention to them, they do not distinguish as a separate category of employees, and the specifics of their activities are not clearly identified. During last three years some activities, such as assessment of the child's and family's situation, and the procedure of removing a child from its family and others have become more regulated. On the one hand, such regulations provide methodological assistance for their professional decisions; on the other hand, it may also create certain restrictions for their freedom and for development of their competencies. It is important that the principle of individualization remains in professional practice. CRP professionals constantly face dilemmas where they need to balance between support and control. Discussions and reflections on these situations could become be a stimulus for the conceptualization of such practices in the Lithuanian CRP system.

Studies show that practice in some professional fields may be socially and morally unattractive: employees working with stigmatized groups have to use methods, related to aggression and confrontation, which leads to stress and reduces their professional well-being. This applies to child rights and protection institutions which have a responsibility to take a child out of the family in the case of a threat to their safety. Problems related to workplace quality lead to a lack of qualified employees in this sector, and this problem is emphasized not only in Lithuania. Institutional aggression is typical of institutions to which the state attributes certain functions of abuse (e.g. public safety). Employee's intervention into the family can also be regarded as aggression performed by institutions, and the nature of work in these institutions may be associated with the problem of workplace aggression. However, in the research on workplace quality among the indicators of workplace aggression we do not find the indicator of employees' aggression against clients. We presume that an employee's function to take a child from a family (the use of coercion) can affect their well-being. So, in the context of workplace quality, the concept of workplace aggression has to be re-conceptualized by including institutional aggression enforced by an employee.

In this article, authors analyze the legal regulation of the work of Child rights protection (CRP) specialists in the context of the transformation of the CRP system in Lithuania. Intensive changes in the legislation and practice organization field of CRP over the last three years have created preconditions for better operational functioning of the system. However, it can be concluded that the professional status of CRP specialists is not yet completely shaped. There are no requirements for the qualification, the procedure for its promotion and certification; the work of specialists is more defined by the functions they perform than by professional competence. Although workers work in risky, emotionally challenging conditions, health and safety measures are not definitely determined. The basic legislation shaping the protection and welfare of the rights of children pays little attention to them, they do not distinguish as a separate category of employees, and the specifics of their activities are not clearly identified. During last three years some activities, such as assessment of the child's and family's situation, and the procedure of removing a child from its family and others have become more regulated. On the one hand, such regulations provide methodological assistance for their professional decisions; on the other hand, it may also create certain restrictions for their freedom and for development of their competencies. It is important that the principle of individualization remains in professional practice. CRP professionals constantly face dilemmas where they need to balance between support and control. Discussions and reflections on these situations could become be a stimulus for the conceptualization of such practices in the Lithuanian CRP system.

In this article, authors analyze the legal regulation of the work of Child rights protection (CRP) specialists in the context of the transformation of the CRP system in Lithuania. Intensive changes in the legislation and practice organization field of CRP over the last three years have created preconditions for better operational functioning of the system. However, it can be concluded that the professional status of CRP specialists is not yet completely shaped. There are no requirements for the qualification, the procedure for its promotion and certification; the work of specialists is more defined by the functions they perform than by professional competence. Although workers work in risky, emotionally challenging conditions, health and safety measures are not definitely determined. The basic legislation shaping the protection and welfare of the rights of children pays little attention to them, they do not distinguish as a separate category of employees, and the specifics of their activities are not clearly identified. During last three years some activities, such as assessment of the child's and family's situation, and the procedure of removing a child from its family and others have become more regulated. On the one hand, such regulations provide methodological assistance for their professional decisions; on the other hand, it may also create certain restrictions for their freedom and for development of their competencies. It is important that the principle of individualization remains in professional practice. CRP professionals constantly face dilemmas where they need to balance between support and control. Discussions and reflections on these situations could become be a stimulus for the conceptualization of such practices in the Lithuanian CRP system.

In this article, authors analyze the legal regulation of the work of Child rights protection (CRP) specialists in the context of the transformation of the CRP system in Lithuania. Intensive changes in the legislation and practice organization field of CRP over the last three years have created preconditions for better operational functioning of the system. However, it can be concluded that the professional status of CRP specialists is not yet completely shaped. There are no requirements for the qualification, the procedure for its promotion and certification; the work of specialists is more defined by the functions they perform than by professional competence. Although workers work in risky, emotionally challenging conditions, health and safety measures are not definitely determined. The basic legislation shaping the protection and welfare of the rights of children pays little attention to them, they do not distinguish as a separate category of employees, and the specifics of their activities are not clearly identified. During last three years some activities, such as assessment of the child's and family's situation, and the procedure of removing a child from its family and others have become more regulated. On the one hand, such regulations provide methodological assistance for their professional decisions; on the other hand, it may also create certain restrictions for their freedom and for development of their competencies. It is important that the principle of individualization remains in professional practice. CRP professionals constantly face dilemmas where they need to balance between support and control. Discussions and reflections on these situations could become be a stimulus for the conceptualization of such practices in the Lithuanian CRP system.