Suchergebnisse

Not uploaded.Key words: Multidrug resistant; Prevalence; Staphylococcus aureus.DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i1.2442Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol. 6, No. 1, Issue 12, April, 2008 Page: 38-41

Background: Detection of specific antibodies to Treponema pallidum in serum is correlated with present or past Syphilis. The study aimed to know the seroprevalence of syphilis among blood donors in relation to age, sex, type of donation and times of donation.Methods: A total of 24,000 blood donors were screened to detect the presence of specific antibodies against T. pallidum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to standard test kit protocol. Initially reactive samples were reconfirmed by repeat testing and repeatedly reactive samples were considered seropositive for Syphilis.Results: The seroprevalence of specific antibodies to T. pallidum among blood donors was found 0.42% (95% CI= 0.3-0.5%). There was an increasing trends of syphilis as the age of the donors increased (Cochrane-armitage test, P < 0.001). The seroprevalence in males was 0.45% and in females was 0.24% (P >0.05), in first time donors was 0.36% and in repeated donors was 0.48% (P > 0.05), among volunteer donors was 0.41% and among replacement donors was 0.50% (P > 0.05).Conclusion: The similar seroprevalence in first time and repeat donors as well as in volunteer and replacement donors urges the need of more effective donor education and counselling. Key words: Blood donors; Seroprevalence; Specific treponemal antibodies; Syphilis.doi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2212Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 2008 Oct;6(13): Page: 98-101

Background: Rubella is a viral infection. Congenital rubella syndrome is the most serious consequences of rubella which has been observed in pregnant women. This study has been done to reveal the association of rubella infection in women. Methods: The serum specimens were collected from women during their regular antenatal check up, in, was included in the study. Specimens were tested at NPHL every week following standard operating protocol of NPHL utilizing Human ELISA (German) kits and reagents. The results of the tests along with the clinical histories collected from the patient on a proforma file carried by the patients were analyzed following standard statistical tools. Results: During the three years study period, 320 serum samples were collected in 2006, 372 in 2007 and 400 in 2008, out of which 38 (11.87%), 72 (19.35%) and 49 (12.25%) of the women visiting NPHL during their antenatal checkup were found positive to anti-rubella IgM antibody respectively, indicating recent infection. Almost above 80% of the positive cases were from age group 20-30 years. Conclusions: The study showed the significant association of recent rubella infection in women which emphasizes requirement of adolescent or adult immunization with rubella vaccine at the earliest. Key words: anti-rubella IgM; congenital rubella syndrome; pregnant women; rubella. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3010 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 76-79

Background: Nepal is categorized as a country with 'concentrated' epidemic of HIV Nepal Red Cross Society, Blood Transfusion Service has implemented considerable efforts to supply the safe blood and blood products according to the increasing demand. A trend analysis might prove valuable to understand the outcome and appropriately plan for further improvements in providing safe blood supply. The study aimed to assess the trends of HIV seroprevalence over the six years in nationwide and in urbanized setting of Kathmandu Valley.Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted among Nepalese blood donors through the years 2001-2007. Serum samples were tested using third generation ELISA tests, strictly following the instructions of manufacturers. The donors' information was collected through the donor record register through the respective Blood Transfusion Services.Results: The overall seroprevalence of HIV among the total blood donors in nation wide and in Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu through the six years of review (from 2001-2007) was 0.33% and 0.4% respectively. A significant decreasing trend in HIV seroprevalence was observed both in nationwide and in Central Blood Transfusion Service, Kathmandu (P< 0.001).Conclusion: The analysis of trends in HIV seroprevalence among blood donors through the year 2001- 2007 showed a significantly decreasing trend, probably due to the cumulative effect of increasing awareness of HIV and improved screening system for safe blood donation. However, an abrupt increase in demand of blood supply was associated with significant increase in seroprevalence in the year 2005/2006. Key words: Nepalese blood donors; Seroprevalence; Trends.doi: 10.3126/jnhrc.v6i2.2203Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 2008 Oct;6(13): Page: 93-97

Background:A significant reduction in malaria cases over the recent years in Nepal has encouraged the government to adopt a goal of "malaria-free nation by 2025." Nevertheless, to achieve this goal, it is critical to identify the epidemiological burden of malaria by specific regions and areas for an effective targeted intervention. The main objective of this study was to estimate the risk of malaria at Village Development Committee (VDC) level in Nepal based on disease, vector, parasite, and geography. Methods:In 2012, the micro-stratification of malaria risk was carried out in 75 districts of Nepal. Instruments such as a questionnaire, case record forms, and guidelines for malaria micro-stratification were developed and pre-tested for necessary adaptations. Village Development Committee (VDC)-wise malaria data were analyzed using exploratory statistics and were stratified by geographical variables that contributed to the risk of malaria. To understand the transmission risk at VDC level, overlay analysis was done using ArcGIS 10. To ensure transparent, reproducible, and comprehensible risk assessment, standard scoring method was selected and utilized for data from 2009 to 2011. Thus identified, three major variables (key determinants) were given weights (wt.) accordingly to stratification of the malaria risk (disease burden, "0.3" wt.; ecology/vector transmission, "0.5" wt.; and vulnerability-population movement, "0.2" wt.). Malaria risk in a VDC was determined based on the overall scores and classified into four categories: no risk, low risk, moderate risk, and high risk. Results:Analyzing the overall risk based on scoring of the total VDCs (n = 3976), 54 (1.36%), 201 (5.06%), 999 (25.13%), and 2718 (68.36%) were identified as high-, moderate-, low-, and no-risk categories for malaria, respectively. Based on the population statistics, 3.62%, 9.79%, 34.52%, and 52.05% of the country's total population live in high-risk, moderate-risk, low-risk, and no-risk VDCs for malaria, respectively. Our micro-stratification ...

Malaria is endemic in the southern plain of Nepal which shares a porous border with India. More than 80% cases of malaria in Nepal are caused by Plasmodium vivax. The main objective of this study was to review the epidemiology of P. vivax malaria infections as recorded by the national malaria control program of Nepal between 1963 and 2016. National malaria data were retrieved from the National Malaria program in the Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal. The epidemiological trends and malariometric indicators were analyzed. Vivax malaria has predominated over falciparum malaria in the past 53 years, with P. vivax malaria comprising 70-95% of the annual malaria infections. In 1985, a malaria epidemic occurred with 42,321 cases (82% P. vivax and 17% Plasmodium falciparum). Nepal had experienced further outbreaks of malaria in 1991 and 2002. Plasmodium falciparum cases increased from 2005 to 2010 but since then declined. Analyzing the overall trend between 2002 (12,786 cases) until 2016 (1,009 cases) shows a case reduction by 92%. The proportion of imported malaria cases has increased from 18% of cases in 2001 to 50% in 2016. The current trends of malariometric indices indicate that Nepal is making a significant progress toward achieving the goal of malaria elimination by 2025. Most of the cases are caused by P. vivax with imported malaria comprising an increasing proportion of cases. The malaria control program in Nepal needs to counter importation of malaria at high risk areas with collaborative cross border malaria control activities.