Suchergebnisse

The objective of this paper is to provide an up-to date overview and holistic assessment of the development of a Space Traffic Management (STM) regime in Europe, as seen in the context of European space and security strategies and policies, programmes and governance structures. Most recent STM policy references in Europe include the European Commission's (EC) 2016 'Space Strategy for Europe' and the European Space Agency (ESA) 2016 Council announcement at Ministerial level calling for further engagement in STM. At the same time, the distinctive civil-military governance structures reflected in the context of European Member States space and security strategies, policies and programmes pose legal and policy challenges to STM. Accordingly, the first part of the paper presents STM related priorities and trends in national space and security strategies of selected European Member States, ESA and the EU. The second part of the paper examines how the civil-military nexus influences the STM governance of national space and security activities and programmes. The final part emphasizes the need for cooperation and synergies among all stakeholders at European-institutional and national level for the further establishment of a comprehensive space traffic management regime in Europe.

The need for future space traffic management (STM) has been highlighted in view of space debris promulgation and increased space traffic. Considering parallel and correlated trends towards declining costs of access to space, microsatellites and the so-called LEO mega-constellations, the increase of space actors (both governmental as private entities), space tourism, and the increasing role of the so-called New Entrants (including HAPS), this chapter addresses challenges in air and space traffic management covering both space, near-space and transit to and from space (including launch and re-entry). Although HigherAirspace Operations (HAO) and associated Higher-Airspace Traffic Services (HATS) and Higher-Airspace Traffic Management (HATM) might in practice be tailored based on existing Air Traffic Management (ATM) principles and rules, the practical implementation of HATS and HATM may have commonalities with space operations and STM. HATM and STM have not been – adequately – regulated nationally or internationally. This paper addresses elements that overcome the lack of an institutionalised border between airspace and outer space and discussions on terminology, considering common challenges to the safety and regulation of HAO and space operations. Notably, transition arrangements for access to and from higher-air space and outer space will require traffic rules for horizontal and vertical launch systems and the New Entrants. Like for U-space, HATM and STM could be progressively based on selfseparation. For space Operations, automated collision avoidance rules should be put in place, in parallel with the development of Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) services. Strategic autonomy in SST is considered not only a priority, but also a precondition for effective STM. Future HATM and STM will have to cater for security and defence requirements in terms of infrastructure, and regulatory and governance perspective. HATM and STM offer industrial and commercial opportunities. The European Union is becoming increasingly active in HATM recognising the need to understand the emerging new technologies, their operational characteristics and requirements, their possible impact on existing regimes and potential interactions within the aviation system. The EU is taking active steps in the elaboration of a European Concept of Operations for HAO. Europe must also progressively elaborate its vision and concept for STM, considering the specific legal and physical characteristics of space, building on lessons learned from international space law and considering developments in HATM. Both HATM and STM will naturally evolve away from a fragmented or non-existing regulatory frame towards a comprehensive system of traffic rules.

Consensus is required for every new strategic initiative. Although politics can contribute to consensus-building, politics have also been associated with undermining the effectiveness of strategic initiatives. Our findings show how managers use heuristics to circumvent the adverse effects of politics in order to enhance consensus and improve the effectiveness of strategies. Based on a longitudinal case study in a large intergovernmental, aerospace organization in Europe, we show that effective consensus-building is enabled by the application of three distinct 'political heuristics' that we coin inception, delimitation, and validation. These three types of heuristics ensure the effectiveness of the strategic initiative and the consensus required. Consensus is achieved by the applications of these heuristics during formal-informal interactions across three phases of strategy development: initiation, content development, and consolidation. Hence, the three aforementioned heuristics mitigate the negative implications of politics and thereby enhance the effectiveness of the strategic initiative. Our findings offer insight into organizational politics and the micro-foundations of strategy, by showing at the micro level how heuristics enable effective and positive application of politics for consensus-building in organizations."

Space technologies and applications have become more relevant for security and defence. Threats resulting from migration, terrorism, crises, climate change and security increase throughout Europe. Both the economy and citizens are supported by space applications, which society has been depending on more. The two-dimensional viewpoint on space and security/defence is increasingly - either directly or indirectly- represented in the policies and strategies of Europe in space and security/defence. Collaboration across organizations in the aerospace - civil sector - and defence - military sector- is complex and dynamic. Merging such diverse communities challenges the boundaries of each individual organization and generates collective, coherent and synergistic knowledge. Prior research in cross-sectoral collaboration has addressed the process and the activities required to obtain multiple knowledge sources from different sectors. However, what remains unclear from research is how the particular aspects of cross-sectoral collaboration - namely the drivers and barriers- are addressed in practice by the respective organizations. Therefore, the research question to be addressed in this case study of the Netherlands' space and security sectors is: "What dimensions drive and impede cross-sectoral collaboration between the aerospace and the security and defence sectors in the Netherlands?" The study will show challenges and opportunities for the potential users and added value of space technology for the security and defence sector, specifically how both security and defence related companies can profit by developing technology and applications of common interest. The study thereby contributes to theory development on cross-sectoral collaboration by providing empirical insights.