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"This book charts the increasing role and centrality of the internet within election campaigns across established democracies, following its electoral debut in the mid-1990s. It does so by presenting a four-phase model of digital campaigns that charts the movement of the technology from the margins to the mainstream of party operations. Historically it reveals how the new medium shifted from being a mere novelty item to a basic necessity for any candidate or party now seriously contemplating a run for political office. It does so by combining a systematic review of the extant literature with a range of secondary and original datasets to present a twenty-year overview of the evolution of internet-based electioneering. Through extensive analysis of both large N and also more focused case studies of the UK, the U.S. France and Australia, it reveals how the four phases developed in different contexts and highlight some of the reasons for the varying evolutionary patterns that are observed. While it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when the first 'cyberspace' campaign was officially launched, the general consensus is that the breakthrough moment, at least in terms of public awareness, came during the 1992 U.S. election cycle (Bimber and Davis, 2003; Davis and Owen, 2008; Janda 2015). At the Presidential level it was Democrat nominee Bill Clinton who laid claim to this virtual terra nova after his staff uploaded a series of basic text files with biographical information for voters to browse. Since that time, use of the internet in elections has expanded dramatically in the U.S. and elsewhere"--

Digital technology has moved from the margins to the mainstream of campaign and election organization in contemporary democracies. Previously considered a mere novelty item, technology has become a basic necessity for any candidate or party contemplating a run for political office. While it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when the first digital campaign was officially launched, the general consensus is that the breakthrough moment, at least in terms of public awareness, came during the 1992 U.S. election cycle. At the presidential level, it was Democratic nominee Bill Clinton who laid claim to this virtual terra nova after his staff uploaded a series of basic text files with biographical information for voters to browse. Since that time, use of the Internet in elections has expanded dramatically in the U.S. and elsewhere.

This study investigates the question of Internet mode effects in online election studies. Specifically, we examine whether Web versions of election studies can produce more accurate or truthful estimates of vote choice and party preference than their more conventional offline counterparts. Existing studies have indicated that a Web environment may lower the social context of the survey, promoting greater openness from respondents in answers on political preference items. We examine this question using data from the 2001 Australian Election Study (AES) in which a Web and mail survey were conducted. Crucially, both online and offline questionnaires relied on self-completion, a standardization lacking in previous studies and that allowed for a more controlled test of mode effects. The results reveal no significant differences in the expression of political preferences across the two surveys after controlling for key demographic and attitudinal factors. Significant differences do emerge, however, in vote choice depending on whether an individual had Internet access. We conclude that while Web mode per se does not have any notable effect on respondents' answers to political choice questions, until the issue of universal access is resolved, its substitution for existing methods would be undesirable as this would exclude an important and politically distinctive subset of the population.

This study investigates the question of Internet mode effects in online election studies. Specifically, we examine whether Web versions of election studies can produce more accurate or truthful estimates of vote choice and party preference than their more conventional offline counterparts. Existing studies have indicated that a Web environment may lower the social context of the survey, promoting greater openness from respondents in answers on political preference items. We examine this question using data from the 2001 Australian Election Study (AES) in which a Web and mail survey were conducted. Crucially, both online and offline questionnaires relied on self-completion, a standardization lacking in previous studies and that allowed for a more controlled test of mode effects. The results reveal no significant differences in the expression of political preferences across the two surveys after controlling for key demographic and attitudinal factors. Significant differences do emerge, however, in vote choice depending on whether an individual had Internet access. We conclude that while Web mode per se does not have any notable effect on respondents' answers to political choice questions, until the issue of universal access is resolved, its substitution for existing methods would be undesirable as this would exclude an important and politically distinctive subset of the population.

Introduction : the importance of method in the study of the political internet / Marta Cantijoch, Rachel Gibson, Laura Sudulich, Matthew Wall and Stephen Ward -- Political homophily on the web / Robert Ackland and Jamsheed Shorish -- Blogosphere authority index 2.0 : change and continuity in the American political blogosphere, 2007-2010 / Dave Karpf -- A tool for analysing Youtube audience reactions and discussions / Mike Thelwall -- Social data analytics tool : a demonstrative case study of methodology and software / Ravi Vatrapu, Abid Hussain, Daniel Hardt, and Zeshan Jaffari -- Opportunities and challenges of analysing Twitter content : a comparison of the occupation movements in Spain, Greece and the US / Gema Garcia-Albacete and Yannis Theocharis -- Stuttgart's black Thursday on Twitter : mapping political protests with social media data / Andreas Jungherr and Pascal Jürgens -- Analysing "super-participation" in online third spaces / Todd Graham and Scott Wright -- A mixed-methods approach to capturing online local-level data / Rosalynd Southern -- From web sites to web presences : interactive behaviours in web campaigns during the 2010 UK general election / Benjamin Lee -- New directions in web analysis : semantic polling and the future of opinion surveys / Nick Anstead and Ben O'Loughlin

Annotation

Provides an assessment of how political parties are adapting to the rise of new ITCs, and what the consequences of that adaptation will be. Includes case studies of the US, UK, Australia, Korea, Mexico, France, Romania and the Mediterranean region.

This volume explores the nature of the Internet's impact on civil society, addressing key questions and drawing on new research.

The Internet, civil society and democracy: a comparative perspective / Sarah Oates and Rachel Gibson -- The Internet and youth civic engagement in the United States / Diana Owen -- The Minnesota e-democracy project : mobilising the mobilised? / Jakob Linaa Jensen -- Hunting online action : mobilisation, participation, and protest in the countryside alliance / Wainer Lusoli and Stephen Ward -- Design matters : the political efficacy of government-run discussion boards / Scott Wright -- Cybercortical warfare : the case of hizbollah.org / Maura Conway -- Society, terrorism, and the Internet : case studies from Northern Ireland / Paul Reilly -- Virtual parties in a virtual world : the use of the Internet by Russian political parties / Luke March -- Hard to connect : transnational networks, non-governmental organisations, and the Internet in Russia / Diana Schmidt -- Murder, journalism, and the Web : how the Gongadze case launched the Internet news era in Ukraine / Natalya Krasnoboka and Holli A. Semetko -- Pathologies of the virtual public sphere / Heinz Brandenburg.