Using qualitative methods of source analysis and tracing the process of scientific discourse, an attempt was made to answer the research question: What is the relevance of the system category for security sciences? The study provides arguments in favour of confirming the author's hypothesis that the category of system constitutes one of the universes of security sciences in terms of research object as well as methodology. In addition, the category is important for defining the identity of this scientific discipline.
Security as a social category is realised intuitively (subjectively) and is not always subject to unambiguous (objective) assessments. The perception of various formations tasked with ensuring public security and order gives rise to extreme assessments, sparking numerous discussions on how to judge their functioning. In today's world, it is hardly surprising that various services (including private services) operate in cities, ensuring the security of the residents. The aim of the article is to analyse the basic components which shape the social image of people and property security services in the public consciousness of the inhabitants of Słupsk – a medium-sized city in Poland . This has been researched on the basis of empirical surveys (questionnaires) diagnosing the assessment of the work and activities of security personnel. The research problem is the following question: What is the image of people and property security services in the system of security and public order, as perceived by the residents of Słupsk, a medium-sized Polish city? The quantitative research conducted for the purpose of this paper was carried out in the form of a diagnostic survey, and the technique applied were questionnaires.
Interest in "quality of life" issues originated in the 1950s. The concept found applications in fields such as economics, social policy, medicine, sociology and psychology. Quality of life could perhaps also be an object of study for security sciences as well. Despite the continued popularity of this category, social scientists are yet to develop a commonly agreed upon definition of the concept. This paper constitutes an attempt at answering the question of whether the need for security is related to quality of life and whether it is valid to introduce a new conceptual category in the form of quality of life security. If so, then it is necessary to determine whether it is a measure that is subjective or objective. Human needs such as security and quality of life are what motivates human actions and activity. If one of the above needs is not being met, the individual become destabilised. The homogenisation and standardisation of scientific concepts would render it possible to compare data from an interdisciplinary point of view.
T.S. Kuhn's concept of paradigm differentiates between mature sciences and pre-paradigm sciences. In the case of the latter, it is possible for various approaches to compete with one another. Polish security sciences are currently occupied with seeking paradigms. On the one hand, this search may lead to a homogenisation of opinions within the discipline, or to opposing views on the other. This search is a consequence of evolving opinions within the field, which has a relatively short history in Poland, and constitutes an attempt at determining its defining features. This paper presents various approaches to the concept of paradigm posited by researchers of broadly-defined security, which, as a consequence, constitute evidence of security's multi-paradigmaticality. The research problem is to answer the question of whether the approaches presented in this paper actually constitute the basis necessary to formulate a set of coherent scientific foundations of the discipline, as analysed from a paradigmatic point of view.
Efekt transylwański, nazywany inaczej księżycowym, to założenie o istnieniu wpływu Księżyca na zachowanie ludzi. Negatywne zachowania, w tym przestępstwa i wykroczenia, mają nasilać się w czasie określonych faz Księżyca, głównie w czasie pełni. Celem przeprowadzonego badania była weryfikacja istnienia związków pomiędzy fazami Księżyca a liczbą wezwań i interwencji Policji. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało na obszarze powiatu toruńskiego i obejmowało trzy wskaźniki: liczbę interwencji, wypadków i kolizji drogowych oraz zgłoszeń w Krajowej Mapie Zagrożeń Bezpieczeństwa. Dane dotyczyły okresu od 1 grudnia 2016 r. do 30 listopada 2022 r. Dane dotyczące zmiennych zależnych zostały zebrane z Komendy Miejskiej Policji Toruniu oraz Komendy Głównej Policji, natomiast dane o fazach Księżyca pochodziły z obserwatorium astronomicznego Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wyniki analiz statystycznych nie wykazały istnienia związku między fazami Księżyca a liczbą wezwań i interwencji Policji. Przeprowadzono również odrębne obliczenia dla pełni Księżyca, które także nie wykazały tej zależności. Oznacza to, że nie ma potrzeby uwzględniania faz Księżyca w planowaniu służb patrolowych, zarówno w służbie prewencji, jak i ruchu drogowym. Potwierdzono, że fazy Księżyca nie mają wpływu na liczbę zgłoszonych interwencji do Policji
Objective and problem: The aim is to know the opinions of the Polish prison officers (security department) about personal security while on duty. The main question is: How do prison officers perceive their security while on duty? Methodology: The authors use literature analysis as well as the analysis of statistical data and of phenomena occurring in society. A diagnostic survey using the interview technique played an important role in the empirical part. The survey was conducted in 2020, in a group of 320 prison officers from various prison units, using the author's questionnaire. Conclusions: The personal security of prison officers is about their perception of dangerous situations (threats) in the workplace. The issue is mainly concerned with emergency situations: physical hazards (e.g. damage to health), mental hazards (e.g. after a suicidal act is revealed) and legal protection (e.g. in case of slander). Results: Direct contact with prisoners makes the work of an officer of the Prison Service dangerous and stressful, but the officer has adequate professional preparation and technical means to repel the attack. The authors identified significant threats and dangerous places, as well as assessed the effectiveness of the measures aimed at boosting a prison guard's safety.
The subject of digitization of universities, online classes and courses, as well as studying via the Internet, has become very urgent and popular due to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. This forced the implementation or development of appropriate remote learning systems at all universities. There are many doubts and questions concerning not only the organisation of distance learning, but also the quality of verification of learning outcomes; availability of teaching materials; technical skills of students and teachers using ICT tools; access to training and equipment; financial, mental and psychological difficulties, etc. The aim of the article is to analyse the challenges faced by universities that have gone remote during pandemic. The article in its main part consists of three elements: theoretical insight into the problems of distance education, difficulties and challenges concerning the organization of remote studying in universities and the evaluation of students of distance classes. This is the empirical part of the work. The research covered the issues of education using the methods and techniques of distance learning during the coronavirus pandemic. The research was conducted using the diagnostic survey method, survey technique, using a questionnaire. In the second part of the analysis the data found were used.
Wireless network communication standards have become very common due to the huge benefits of their application. The use of radio waves to create networks has reduced infrastructure costs and increased the mobility of devices. The advantages of wireless communication (WLAN) also pose a challenge to the security of transmitted data. However, the use of a wireless signal poses certain threats to network security. The aim of the study was to analyse problems related to the security of WLAN 802.11. and assess its resistance to various attack strategies. It was assumed that wireless networks have an insufficient level of security. The assumed assumption is verifiable due to the ability to monitor events in networks. In order to verify the hypothesis, a number of experiments have been carried out in laboratory conditions, concerning the currently used WLAN protections from the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. The electromagnetic waves used for communication are available to the public at a distance of a few / several dozen metres from the communicating devices. It is easy to monitor air traffic using a network card that operates in monitor mode. The communication itself cannot be secured in any way, so data encryption is one way of secure transmission. During the research, the applied security features were successfully broken with the help of publicly available tools. The obtained results are distinguished by a high level of objectivity and reliability in the assessment of applied wireless network security. It was shown that there are still imperfections in the security and it is possible to break the security measures. The consequences of attacks are very serious and lead to a breach of each of the attributes of secure information. Practice has shown that it is impossible to create a wireless network that is fully secure. The findings of the study should be used to develop methods to improve information security, as well as to raise users' awareness of existing threats. Not all users of wireless networks are aware of how easy some of the commonly used security features are to break.
This article presents the opinions of Pomeranian Academy students about military training organized as a part of the Academic Legion and their subjective view on this training and the perspective of working in the army. In the study, special attention was paid to the strengths and weaknesses of the first edition of the theoretical program carried out at the Pomeranian University and practical carried out at the training center in Ustka. An additional motive for undertaking the study was the exploration of the university environment, especially the attempt to determine the level of preparation of students to perform roles in the army, which allowed to examine the feelings and attitudes of students to the program of the Academic Legion and develop six recommendations for its change. The research problem is the question: How do students evaluate the program of the Academic Legion? Due to the lack of research in this area, no hypothesis was adopted. The research method was a diagnostic survey conducted using a survey technique using the author's own questionnaire.
The article attempts to address the issue of the need to distinguish sub-disciplines in security sciences. A scientific discipline is a basic and lowest-order category within the classification system of individual fields of science. Security science in Poland has been classified as one of many disciplines in the field of social sciences. The problem was formulated as a question: based on which criteria can sub-disciplines be distinguished in the security sciences? The aim is to identify the basic sub-disciplines in security sciences and to propose a criterion for their distinction. Critical literature analysis and research design were adopted as the primary methods. There is no established criterion for the division into individual sub-disciplines in Poland. The author proposes to distinguish sub-disciplines based on the following criteria: theoretical, practical, types of institutions, and levels of organization of different security sectors. It is based on the assumption that security sciences require a clarification of the substantive scope within sub-disciplines through which the discipline's identity can be built up, and research can be carried out as part of further scientific work.
Przedstawione w artykule wyniki badań dotyczą aspektów tożsamości zawodowej policjantów. Tożsamość zawodowa obejmuje wyróżniające atrybuty zawodu, m.in.: misję, podstawowe cele i wartości danej organizacji oraz kulturę organizacyjną. Głównym celem pracy było poznanie kluczowych elementów tożsamości polskiego policjanta, które wpływają na skuteczność w osiąganiu celów organizacji. Z przedstawionego celu badawczego wynikał następujący problem badawczy: Jakie czynniki w miejscu pracy mają wpływ na kształtowanie się tożsamości zawodowej policjanta? Autorzy przyjęli, że sama refleksja nad tożsamością zawodową policjanta wystarczy, aby wydobyć te elementy czy cechy, które świadczą o specyfice i odrębności w stosunku do innych zawodów. Badania rozpoczęto w styczniu 2021 roku, a zakończono w lipcu 2021 roku. Badaniem (anonimowym) objęto 1054 policjantów. Badania potwierdziły, że posiadane kompetencje zawodowe policjantów nabyte w trakcie służby kształtują tożsamość osobistą, relacyjną i kompetencyjną funkcjonariuszy Policji, a relacje interpersonalne ukierunkowane są przede wszystkim na zadaniowość, a nie na budowanie tożsamości zawodowej. Uwarunkowania, takie jak: specyficzne warunki pracy w Policji (stres, presja, zmiany), wpływają na budowanie tożsamości zawodowej policjantów, zarówno w zakresie indywidualnej tożsamości zawodowej, jak i organizacyjnej. Wyniki mają znaczenie ponadregionalne, wskazane aspekty dotyczą większości służb policyjnych w Europie i na świecie.
