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Abstract: The paper offers the English perspective on the Dutch Hammock case. After an analysis of statutory and common law, particularly consumer protection and occupier's liability, the author comes to the conclusion that the victim would not be successful in an English court under the present scenario. Although it cannot be excluded that the English judiciary might follow its Dutch counterpart in the future, such drastic change seems quite improbable at present.

Gaius was the first Roman jurist to classify legal things into corporeal and incorporeal. His influential classification did not expressly mention the right of ownership. The German Pandectists justified this absence arguing that the list of tangibles referred to the objects of ownership. Following Pandectism, many modern legal systems acknowledge ownership only with regard to corporeal things. This paper departs from the Pandectists' conclusions. The categorization at issue should be read as part of Gaius's effort to educate his students for the legal profession. Gaius proposed a coherent classification embedded into a clear didactic project. The jurist was not seeking to advance a theory of ownership, but to link the legal actions to their objects.

This study evaluated whether some chemical and microbial contaminants in treated sewage effluents from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) reached the groundwater when they drained through a fractured karst vadose zone (WWTP-K) and a porous vadose zone (WWTP-P). Forty-five samples of sewage water (SW), treated water (TW), and monitoring well (MW), collected from WWTP-P (24) and WWTP-K (21), were analyzed for a range of microbiological and chemical properties. The E. coli and Salmonella counts were below the limits outlined in the Legislative Decree 152/06 in effluents from both types of WWTP. Enteric viruses were found in 37.5% and 12.5% of the SW and TW from WWTP-P, respectively. The percentages of Pepper mild mottle virus isolated were higher in TW (62.5% in WWTP-P, 85.7% in WWTP-K) than in SW and MW. The residual concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) of each drug category were higher in the MW downstream of WWTP-K than of WWTP-P. Our results showed that the porous vadose zone was more effective at reducing the contaminant loads than the fractured karst one, especially the CEC, in the effluent. The legislation should include other parameters to minimize the risks from treated effluent that is discharged to soil.