A expansão da biomedicina pelo mundo deu origem a várias formas de ajustamento com sistemas terapêuticos alheios que, também, propõem suas leituras da doença e suas respostas à infelicidade biológica. A autora examina a relação da umbanda-religião com dimensão terapêutica afirmada-com a biomedicina, a partir de dados de campo recolhidos desde 1987 em vários terreiros da cidade e do Estado de São Paulo. A relação é considerada sob dois ângulos: um que questiona o posicionamento da religião frente à biomedicina, e o outro que se interessa na interiorização pela umbanda de elementos significativos do universo biomédico.
Résumé Citoyens tirés au sort à partir de listes électorales, les jurés de cour d'assises doivent se socialiser assez rapidement à un univers judiciaire et à un rôle auquel ils ne sont guère préparés. Cette socialisation ne va pas de soi, car non seulement les jurés s'interrogent sur leur légitimité puisqu'ils sont rarement des juristes mais aussi, ils découvrent des professionnels du droit, des faits incriminés et des mondes sociaux dont la cruauté les déstabilise alors même qu'ils doivent conserver une neutralité quant à la fonction de juger. La rencontre avec les professionnels de la cour d'assises et plus particulièrement avec les juges est marquée par de nombreuses épreuves et génère des sentiments très ambivalents, tenant aussi bien aux modes d'accueil, de qualification et de disqualification qui leur sont réservés, qu'aux écarts observés entre la légitimité des magistrats professionnels et des pratiques judiciaires perçues comme « manipulatoires ». Si juger n'exige pas de la part des citoyens la connaissance du droit mais une attention et un usage de la « raison » en vue de construire leur « intime conviction », l'émotion qu'ils éprouvent à l'écoute des faits incriminés apparaît aux juges comme à la fois inévitable et susceptible de déstabiliser la sérénité du jugement. Aussi, les rapports de pouvoir qui naissent lors de cette rencontre entre juges professionnels et jurés profanes ne prennent sens qu'à l'aune des contraintes institutionnelles qui s'exercent sur les premiers et des manières dont les seconds pensent plus ou moins peser sur la justice pendant le délibéré. L'appropriation socialement différenciée de son rôle de juré comme les différences relevées chez les magistrats quant à la conduite des procès et à la place accordée aux jurés ne remettent pas en cause le poids dominant des juges mais laissent entrevoir des effets différenciés de cette expérience sur les citoyens-juges. La contestation du pouvoir des juges qui cohabite avec l'attachement des jurés au maintien d'une justice échevine démontre qu'au-delà des épreuves vécues, la socialisation à la cour d'assises est une promesse de démocratie apportant une certaine reconnaissance aux individus.
Résumé Les jurés de cour d'assises se situent à l'arrière-plan des chroniques judiciaires et les médias n'en parlent souvent que pour en évoquer le rôle dans les arrêts prononcés. Pourtant, l'expérience de ces « juges d'un jour » révèle les contradictions d'une justice qui, en faisant appel à des « citoyens » issus du peuple, les oblige à se socialiser à des pratiques judiciaires et à un rôle auquel ils sont peu préparés. Cette socialisation s'opère sur fond d'interrogations quant à leur légitimité mais aussi d'interactions avec des magistrats dont le statut, les stratégies d'accueil et les manières d'organiser les débats à l'audience comme lors du délibéré, en font des professionnels dominants et au pouvoir susceptible d'être perçu comme démesuré. Le fait que les jurés sont censés juger des faits tandis que les magistrats jugent selon le droit introduit une hiérarchie subtile où, d'un côté, c'est le « bon sens » et « l'émotion » qui contribueraient à la formation du jugement, tandis que, de l'autre, c'est la « raison » et la « loi » qui seraient à l'œuvre. La contestation du pouvoir des juges et de certaines de leurs pratiques par les jurés est une manière de défendre l'idée que l'on ne peut juger sans un regard « humain » dont on découvre le lien avec l'histoire biographique du citoyen-juge. Cette contestation illustre les paradoxes d'une institution qui maintient la fiction d'une égalité entre citoyens tout en organisant en pratique la perpétuation de certaines formes de domination. Cela amène à s'interroger sur l'héritage « démocratique » que constitue la cour d'assises, sur la « démocratie délibérative » qui la caractérise, et sur les effets sociaux de cette expérience quant à l'engagement des anciens jurés dans l'espace public.
Criminal court jurors are at the background of judicial reports; mentions of them in the media most often only discuss their part in the judgment that was reached. Yet the experience of these "judges for a day" reveals the contradictions of a justice system which, when calling on non-expert "citizens", forces them to assimilate legal practices and take on a role they have little preparation for. To jurors, this socialization process takes place over a backdrop of questions on their own legitimacy. In addition, they have to interact with magistrates whose status, reception strategies and debate organization, both in court and during deliberations, make them dominant professionals, with a power that can be perceived as excessive. That jurors are supposed to judge facts while magistrates judge according to the law introduces a subtle hierarchy, where "common sense" and "emotion" seem to be the basis for judgment on one level, while another level relies on "law" and "reason". Challenging the power of judges, and some of their practices, is a way for jurors to defend the idea that one cannot judge without a "humane" point of view, as revealed in the biographical history of the juror-citizen. Such disputation is an illustration of the paradoxes of an institution which maintains the fiction of equality between citizens while in effect perpetuating certain forms of domination. This leads to a questioning of the Assizes courts as part of a "democratic" legacy, of the "deliberative democracy" that characterizes it, and of the social effects of this experience, with regard to the involvement of former jurors in the public space. Adapted from the source document.
Resumé Le recours aux jurés se répand. Déjà présents en cour d'assises, comment vivent-ils cette expérience de « juge d'un jour » ? Peu préparés, inquiets quant à leur légitimité, ils oscillent entre déférence envers les magistrats et crainte de manipulation. Les assises deviennent une école de délibération démocratique.
International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.
International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.
International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.
International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.
International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.
International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.
International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.
International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.
