Suchergebnisse

Mega-regional agreements have recently stirred controversy, producing a clash between the founding principles of liberalisation and protectionism, giving rise to competence issues between the European Union and its Member States. Although scholarly work has focused for years on the controversial "social clause", it is now worth carrying out a detailed, legal analysis of the labour standards contained in the mega-regional trade agreements adopted and negotiated by the EU and the US. The topic gives rise to much controversy, as it is influenced by political convictions and election results. For this reason, it poses one of the most significant challenges to international labour law. Based on these considerations, this book examines the social dimension of three of the most relevant mega-regional trade agreements, namely TTP, CETA, and TTIP. It is argued that trade liberalisation should be accompanied by progress in the social and labour field.

In order to study the issue of the responsibility of multinational enterprises for the violation of labour standards, the paper follows the conceptual framework of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. The centre of gravity of the system is the duty of the State to protect human rights at work, which also includes holding multinational enterprises accountable and guaranteeing workers the right to appropriate access to remedies. Multinational enterprises have a duty to respect basic human rights at work, acting with due diligence, and State powers can and should act to protect them, when multinational enterprises are based or carry out activities within their jurisdiction, even in the absence of a legally binding instrument, at universal or regional international level, or a directive of the European Union, or a regulation under domestic law. However, legal instruments to impose administrative sanctions, or to demand criminal and civil or labour liability of multinational enterprises that violate core labour rights, are insufficient at present and are likely to remain so in the near future. ; Para analizar la problemática de la responsabilidad de las empresas multinacionales por la vulneración de los estándares laborales, el artículo sigue el esquema conceptual de los Principios Rectores de la ONU sobre empresas y derechos humanos. El centro de gravedad del sistema es el deber del Estado de proteger los derechos humanos en el trabajo, que incluye también el de exigir la responsabilidad a las empresas multinacionales y el de garantizar a los trabajadores el derecho a medidas de reparación adecuadas. Las empresas multinacionales tienen el deber de respetar los derechos humanos básicos en el trabajo, actuando con una diligencia razonable, y los poderes del Estado pueden y deber actuar para protegerlos, cuando las empresas multinacionales tienen la sede o llevan a cabo actividades en su jurisdicción, aun a falta de un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante, en el plano internacional universal o regional, o de una directiva de la Unión Europea, o de una regulación de derecho interno. Con todo, resultan insuficientes por ahora, y es previsible que lo sigan siendo en un futuro inmediato, los instrumentos jurídicos para imponer sanciones administrativas, o para exigir la responsabilidad penal y civil o laboral de las empresas multinacionales que vulneran los derechos laborales básicos.

Para analizar la problemática de la responsabilidad de las empresas multinacionales por la vulneración de los estándares laborales, el artículo sigue el esquema conceptual de los Principios Rectores de la ONU sobre empresas y derechos humanos. El centro de gravedad del sistema es el deber del Estado de proteger los derechos humanos en el trabajo, que incluye también el de exigir la responsabilidad a las empresas multinacionales y el de garantizar a los trabajadores el derecho a medidas de reparación adecuadas. Las empresas multinacionales tienen el deber de respetar los derechos humanos básicos en el trabajo, actuando con una diligencia razonable, y los poderes del Estado pueden y deber actuar para protegerlos, cuando las empresas multinacionales tienen la sede o llevan a cabo actividades en su jurisdicción, aun a falta de un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante, en el plano internacional universal o regional, o de una directiva de la Unión Europea, o de una regulación de derecho interno. Con todo, resultan insuficientes por ahora, y es previsible que lo sigan siendo en un futuro inmediato, los instrumentos jurídicos para imponer sanciones administrativas, o para exigir la responsabilidad penal y civil o laboral de las empresas multinacionales que vulneran los derechos laborales básicos. ; In order to study the issue of the responsibility of multinational enterprises for the violation of labour standards, the paper follows the conceptual framework of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. The centre of gravity of the system is the duty of the State to protect human rights at work, which also includes holding multinational enterprises accountable and guaranteeing workers the right to appropriate access to remedies. Multinational enterprises have a duty to respect basic human rightsat work, acting with duediligence, and State powers can and should act to protect them, whenmultinational enterprises are based or carry out activities within their jurisdiction, even in the absence of a legally binding instrument, at universal or regional international level, or a directive of the European Union, or a regulation under domestic law.However, legal instruments to impose administrative sanctions, or to demand criminal and civil or labour liability of multinational enterprises that violate core labour rights, are insufficient at present and are likely to remain so in the near future. ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide

"Through in-depth socio-historical analysis of discourses and processes of quantification around school performance and student failure rates in Brazil, this volume highlights the prevalence of Eurocentric colonized thought that results in the persistence of exclusion bottlenecks, different trajectories according to gender, race and class, significant regional variations in the rates of failure and dropout, among other problems. Focussing on processes performed between 1918 and 2012, chapters offer rich analysis of historiographic sources including journals, newspapers, and administrative documentation to trace the development of initiatives intended to promote the democratization of Brazilian schooling. Examination of reforms including school classification, the graduated school model, admissions examinations, and automatic promotion reveal a school system which mirrors wider societal injustices and guarantees academic success for only a minority of students. Bringing a nuanced and elaborated historical perspective of the pragmatics of the selective classificatory logic in different institutional and epistemic qualities of the school organization of children and reasoning about abilities and achievement, it will appeal to scholars and researchers with interests in curriculum and assessment, the sociology of education, and the history of education"--