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[EN] Most freight in Spain is carried by road and the number of tons transported by rail is negligible compared those moved by truck. The freight market was opened to competition with the Law 39/2003 of November 17, of the Railway Sector, following the guidelines of the European Union with the objective of revitalizing the railways. However, the use of it for the transport of goods remains too low. This paper deals with the factors that may negatively affect the efficiency of rail freight transport and, therefore, its use, and which reduce competitiveness in relation to road transport even for large volumes and large distances. Futhermore, various proposals have been established in order to solve or mitigate the problems identified concerning both infrastructure and operation and legislation in this sector. ; [ES] La mayor parte del transporte de mercancías en España se lleva a cabo por carretera y el número de toneladas transportadas por ferrocarril resulta insignificante en comparación con las movidas mediante camiones. El mercado de transporte de mercancías se abrió a la libre competencia con la Ley 39/2003, de 17 de noviembre, del Sector Ferroviario, siguiendo las directrices de la Unión Europea dirigidas a revitalizar el ferrocarril. Sin embargo, el uso del mismo para el transporte de mercancías sigue siendo excesivamente bajo. En el presente trabajo se analizan los factores que pueden afectar negativamente a la eficiencia del transporte de mercancías por ferrocarril y, en consecuencia, a su uso, impidiendo de esta manera ser competitivo frente al efectuado por carretera incluso para el transporte de grandes volúmenes a grandes distancias. A su vez, se han establecido diferentes propuestas con el objetivo de solventar o mitigar los problemas identificados referentes tanto a las infraestructuras y la explotación como a la legislación del sector. ; [CA] La major part del transport de mercaderies a Espanya es du a terme per carretera i el nombre de tones transportades per ferrocarril resulta insignificant en ...

Der Band versammelt Beitraege aus den Bereichen der allgemeinen und kontrastiven Sprachwissenschaft, der Rhetorik und der Translationswissenschaft. Freunde, Kollegen und Schueler gratulieren dem Jubilar, der den Lehrstuhl fuer Romanische Uebersetzungswissenschaft an der Universitaet des Saarlandes innehat, zu seinem 60. Geburtstag. Die Sammlung zeichnet sich sowohl durch die grosse Bandbreite an behandelten Themen mit sprachwissenschaftlichem und insbesondere romanistischem Hintergrund als auch durch die deutliche Schwerpunktbildung in Bereichen wie Rhetorik und Hermeneutik, Metapherntheorie u

Current European legislation aims to reduce the air pollutants emitted by European countries in the coming years. In this context, this article studies the effects on air quality of the measures considered for 2030 in the Spanish National Air Pollution Control Programme (NAPCP). Three different emission scenarios are investigated: a scenario with the emissions in 2016 and two other scenarios, one with existing measures in the current legislation (WEM2030) and another one considering the additional measures of NAPCP (WAM2030). Previous studies have addressed this issue at a national level, but this study assesses the impact at the street scale in three neighborhoods in Madrid, Spain. NO2 concentrations are modelled at high spatial resolution by means of a methodology based on computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations driven by mesoscale meteorological and air quality modelling. Spatial averages of annual mean NO2 concentrations are only estimated to be below 40 µg/m3 in all three neighborhoods for the WAM2030 emission scenarios. However, for two of the three neighborhoods, there are still zones (4–12% of the study areas) where the annual concentration is higher than 40 µg/m3. This highlights the importance of considering microscale simulations to assess the impacts of emission reduction measures on urban air quality.

In previous centuries, wolves were extirpated across much of their range worldwide, but they started to recover in Europe since the end of last century. A general pattern of this recovery is the expansion of the range occupied by local populations. The Iberian wolf population, shared by Portugal and Spain, reached its lowest extent and abundance around the middle of the twentieth century. Unlike other populations in Europe, its range recovery and pack counts seem to have stalled since the first Spanish country-wide census of 1986–1988. The population shows low effective population size and remains isolated from other European wolves. This is unexpected given the protection offered by European legislation, i.e., the Habitats Directive, and the apparent availability of habitat outside its present range. We compiled records of wolves killed legally in Spain, reviewed the legislative and management framework for the Iberian wolf population, and discussed potential implications of a policy of lethal management for the ecology, genetics and conservation status of wolves in the Iberian Peninsula. Wolves are strictly protected in Portugal. Meanwhile, they are subject to culling and hunting in Spain. No wolf was legally removed by culling or hunting during the study period in Portugal, whereas 623 wolves were legally killed in Spain between 2008 and 2013. Twenty-nine of those wolves were killed in areas under strict protection according to European legislation. Despite the transboundary nature of this wolf population, we are not aware of coordinated conservation plans. Management is further fragmented at the sub-national level in Spain, both due to the authority of Spanish autonomous regions over their wildlife, and because wolves were listed in multiple annexes of the Habitats Directive. Fragmentation of management was apparent in the uneven adherence to the obligations of the Habitats Directive among Spanish regions. A similar situation is found for other large predator populations in Europe. We suggest that lethal management as carried out in Spain is a hindrance to transit and settlement of wolves, both within and beyond the Iberian wolf population. Reducing the pressure of lethal management appears a feasible policy change to improve the conservation status of the population and foster transboundary connectivity.

This work received support from Agencia Estatal de Investigación from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Spain. Project CGL2017-83045-R AEI/FEDER EU, Dr Eloy Revilla; Agencia Estatal de Investigacio´n from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Spain. Project CGL2017-82782-P AEI/FEDER EU, Dr Vincenzo Penteriani; Regional Government of Asturias. 2007-2010 Project: Demographic evolution of the brown bear population, identification of corridors of communication between subpopulations and analysis of the damages caused by the species to agriculture and livestock in Asturias Ref. Pres. PA 2007:, 18.07-443F-610.000, Dr Miguel Delibes; Ramon & Cajal research contract, Agencia Estatal de Investigacio´n from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Spain. RYC-2014- 16263, Dr Marı´a del Mar Delgado; Ramon & Cajal research contract, Agencia Estatal de Investigación from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Spain. RYC-2015-18932; project CGL2017-87528-R AEI/FEDER EU, Dr José Vicente López-Bao.

PI3Kδ (idelalisib) and BTK (ibrutinib) inhibitors have demonstrated significant clinical activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) interfering with the cross-talk between CLL cells and the lymph node microenviroment, yet their mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we developed an ex vivo model with the aim of reproducing the effects of the microenvironment that would help shed light on the in vivo mechanism of action of idelalisib and ibrutinib and predict their clinical efficacy in individual patients. First we explored the effects of various cell-extrinsic elements on CLL apoptosis and proliferation and found that the combination of CpG+IL2+HS5 stromal cell line + human serum +CLL plasma and erythrocyte fractions represented the best co-culture conditions to test the effects of the novel inhibitors. Then, using this assay, we investigated the impact of idelalisib and ibrutinib on both survival and proliferation in 30 CLL patients. While both drugs had a limited direct pro-apoptotic activity, a potent inhibition of proliferation was achieved at clinically achievable concentrations. Notably, up to 10% of CLL cells still proliferated even at the highest concentrations, likely mirroring the known difficulty to achieve complete responses in vivo. Altogether, this novel assay represents an appropriate ex vivo drug testing system to potentially predict the clinical response to novel inhibitors in particular by quantifying the antiproliferative effect. ; This work was supported in part by H2020 "MEDGENET, Medical Genomics and Epigenomics Network" (Grant 692298), funded by the European Union; the Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Research Council, and Lion's Cancer Research Foundation; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro AIRC (Investigator Grant #20246 to PG and Special Program Molecular Clinical Oncology - 5 per mille #9965), Milano, Italy, Ricerca; ERA-NET TRANSCAN-2 JTC 2016, GCH-CLL. Vivia has received unrestricted research support from Gilead. ; Peer Reviewed