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Aristophanes' ambivalent mix of admiration and hatred with respect to Euripides can be inferred from examination (I) of the nominatim references, the passages in which he is partially or totally quoted or imitated (II), and his role in plays where he features as a character (III). Aristophanes considers Euripides as a poet σοφός, γενναῖος, γόνιμος, στρεψίμαλλος τὴν τέχνην and πανοῦργος. He quotes and imitates him (II) not only to deride his pedantically affected and sentencious style (κομψευριπικῶς), but also to condemn his thought when he deems it harmful or morally dangerous. As a character Euripides plays (III) the positive role of helping the comic hero in Ach. and Thesm. In Ran. Dionysus presents him as a tragic poet on an equal footing with Aeschylus and only political reasons move him to take Aeschylus along to Athens: his favourable attitude towards Alcibiades. Politics also explain the criticism in Ran. with regard to certain aspects in Euripidean drama such as the excessive pathos and the 'democratisation' of characters, which for Aristophanes entail a downgrading of tragedy. ; Del examen (I) de las menciones nominatim a Eurípides, de los pasajes donde total o parcialmente se le cita o imita (II), y de su función en las piezas aristofánicas en que fi gura como personaje (III) se deduce la ambivalente postura de admiración y odio de Aristófanes frente a Eurípides. Le considera (Ι) un poeta σοφός, γενναῖος, γόνιμος, στρεψίμαλλος τὴν τέχνην y πανοῦργος. Le cita y le imita (II) no sólo para burlarse de su estilo pedantescamente rebuscado y sentencioso (κομψευριπικῶς), sino para reprobar su pensamiento cuando lo estima dañino o moralmente peligroso. Como personaje teatral desempeña (III) la función positiva de ayudar al héroe cómico en Ach. y Thesm. En Ran. Dioniso lo pone como poeta trágico en pie de igualdad con Esquilo y sólo un motivo político lo inclina a llevárse a éste a Atenas consigo: su actitud favorable a Alcibíades. La política también explica las críticas de Ran. a ciertos aspectos del teatro euripideo como el excesivo patetismo y la 'democratización' de los personajes, que para Aristófanes implicaban la degradación de la tragedia.

According to Thucydides, unlike others (those of Naxos, Thasos, Euboea, Samos, Amphipolis) the ajpovstasi" of Mytilene marks a turning point in the Peloponnesian war. This paper analyzes Cleon's and Diodotus' speeches (Thuc. III 37-48) in the light of contemporay ideas on freedom, crime and punishment (statements of Hdt, Thuc., Xen., Lys., Dem.), also taking into account the logos epitaphios and Pericles' last speech. Cleon's line of argument is based upon to; divkaion (viewed as retalation) and to; sumfevron on behalf of Athens. Diodotus argues exclusively on the basis of convenience. For the first time in Western history Diodotus contends that death penalty is no deterrent for crime and stands for sparing the Mytilenean demos in the execution of all men proposed by Cleon, since the demos is Athens' only remaining ally in the Attic League of cities. The cause of increasing brutality in war is seemingly ascribed by Thucydides to the judicial oratory used in political deliberations (exemplified by Cleon), and to its progressive ideologization, the starting point of which can be seen in Diodotus' speech. Cities must seek and conclude alliances not with governments in place, but with the faction in the other city that bears the greatest political affinity with them. Such ideologization transforms international conflicts between poleis into civil wars, usually more ruthless and sanguinary than external wars.

Las primeras justificaciones de la democracia adelantadas por el pensamiento político griego son: la del siracusano Atenágoras (Thuc. VI 39), la de Aspasia en el Menéxeno (236D-249A) y la de Protágoras en el diálogo platónico del mismo nombre (320A-322D). Genuinamente democrática la primera, basada en el sentido común (entre todos se ven mejor las cosas), la de Aspasia es claramente aristocratizante y racista. Sólo en la autóctona Atenas, que a lo largo de los tiempos ha mantenido su ηύγέυεια sin mezclarse con otros pueblos, se da la ίσογουομία necesaria para la ίσογουομία y la ελευθερία de los ciudadanos. Esto les permite elegir para el gobierno al mejor de todos. La democracia, así concebida, en realidad es una aristocracia con el consentimiento del pueblo. Aspasia generaliza el juicio de Tucídides (II 65, 9-10) sobre el liderazgo de Pericles. En cambio, el mito del Protágoras hace extensiva al género humano entero la posibilidad del régimen democrático, porque Zeus ha repartido por igual entre todos los individuos el sentido de αιδώς y el de δίκη, cuando el hombre se ha elevado al grado de ciudadano, el más alto de su evolución biológica y cultural. ; Greek political thougth advanced its first justifications of democracy through Athenagoras of Syracuse (Thuc. VI 39), Aspasia in the Menexenos (Plat. Men. 236A-249A) and Protagoras in the Platonic dialogue with the same title (320A 322D). While Athenagoras' common sense approach (issues are best grasped collectively) is genuinely democratic, the Aspasia's one shows an aristocratic and racist penchant. Ισονομίσ and έλευθερία, both based in ίσογουομία, allowing citizens to choose the best men for government, are only to be found in 'autochthon' Athens, which has been able to preserve its εύγένεια in the course of time. According to this view, democracy is actually a sort of aristocracy based on the consent of people. Aspasia generalizes Thucydides' judgement on the leadership of Pericles. On the other hand, the myth of Protagoras extends the possibility of a democratic system to all human kind, for Zeus has distributed αιδώς and δίκη in equal shares among every individual, when men attain the level of citizens, the highest of their biological and cultural evolution.

The publication of a letter from the Armenian Patriarch Stephanus to A. Perrenot, Lord of Granvelle, written in 1551. The hope of the Oriental Christian world was that the Council of Trento, which had just resumed its sessions, would contribute to the union of the Christian Princes against the Ottoman Empire. Stephanus intends that the Emperor, together with the King of Romans, undertake a military enterprise against the Turk, to give help to the Armenians, Georgians and Maronite Sirians. ; Publicación de una carta del Patriarca armenio Estéfano Perrenot, Señor de Granvelle, escrita en 1551. La cristiandad oriental espera que el Concilio de Trento, que ha reanudado sus sesiones, contribuya a la unión de los príncipes cristianos contra el imperio otomano. Estéfano trata de conseguir una acción militar conjunta del Emperador y el Rey de Romanos contra el Turco, en ayuda de los armenios, georgianos y sirios maronitas.

El artículo que se presenta estudia los nuevos sistemas de combate que pueden cambiar la noción misma de "conflicto armado" en el sentido clásico del término. El autor analiza en varios apartados las diferencias entre términos no usuales como son robot, droide, androide, UAS, UCAS, las nuevas herramientas bélicas, cómo será la aviación de combate del futuro dotada con sistemas de inteligencia artificial, la robótica terrestre, así como la interacción entre hombre y máquina en el combate futuro y, por último, la revolución que el empleo de este tipo de armas causa en los conceptos tradicionales de Derecho Humanitario bélico y de legítima defensa. El autor concluye con unas reflexiones sobre el papel que las novísimas tecnologías han de jugar necesariamente en los conflictos armados, clásicos o no convencionales, y la influencia que su uso producirá cuando se extiendan como armas "normales" en todo el sistema mundial sin excepción alguna.

This article studies the new weapon systems that can transform the notion itself of "armed conflict" in the classic sense of the term. The author deeply analyzes the differences between concepts such as robot, droid, android, UAS and UCAS, the new military hardware, and how will be the combat aircrafts of the future with systems of artificial intelligence, the field robotics, as well as the interaction between men and machines in the future combat and, finally, the revolution that the employment of this type of weapons cause in the traditional concepts of Humanitarian Law and self-defense right. The author concludes with a few reflections on the role that the newest technologies have to play necessarily in the conventional and unconventional warfare and the influence that its use will produce when these weapons will be considered "normal" in the whole world system. ; El artículo que se presenta estudia los nuevos sistemas de combate que pueden cambiar la noción misma de "conflicto armado" en el sentido clásico del término. El autor analiza en varios apartados las diferencias entre términos no usuales como son robot, droide, androide, UAS, UCAS, las nuevas herramientas bélicas, cómo será la aviación de combate del futuro dotada con sistemas de inteligencia artificial, la robótica terrestre, así como la interacción entre hombre y máquina en el combate futuro y, por último, la revolución que el empleo de este tipo de armas causa en los conceptos tradicionales de Derecho Humanitario bélico y de legítima defensa. El autor concluye con unas reflexiones sobre el papel que las novísimas tecnologías han de jugar necesariamente en los conflictos armados, clásicos o no convencionales, y la influencia que su uso producirá cuando se extiendan como armas "normales" en todo el sistema mundial sin excepción alguna.

International audience ; This article addresses the social phenomenon of monetary creation, in the digital world, that has been growing steadily in recent years. The aim is to share the experience of the European and French law in its attempt to determine the legal status of the so-called digital currencies, particularly considering the blockchain as the technical aspect that characterizes their creation and operation. The methodology employed is based on documentary research and analysis of the various legal sources, specifically doctrine, legislation, and case law. The study points out that a regulation of the blockchain as the basic element of cryptocurrencies is essential; a pragmatic approach in the legal qualification of such technical element according to the different uses that can be made of it; as well as the need for a harmonized international agreement considering its crossborder nature to provide legal certainty to users. In conclusion, digital currencies cannot be qualified as legal tender. However, the fact that they are socially accepted as means of payment, as well as their multifaceted character that lends them to various purposes, make the legal actors to adopt a pragmatic approach framing them legally according to the use that is made of them. ; Cet article traite du phénomène social de la création monétaire, dans le monde numérique, qui n'a cessé de croître ces dernières années. L'objectif est de partager l'expérience du droit européen et français dans sa tentative de déterminer le statut juridique des monnaies virtuelles, notamment à la lumière de ce que l'on appelle la "blockchain" comme aspect technique caractérisant leur création et leur fonctionnement. La méthodologie appliquée est basée sur la recherche documentaire et l'analyse des différentes sources juridiques, à savoir la doctrine, les lois et la jurisprudence. L'étude suggère qu'il est essentiel de réglementer la blockchain en tant qu'élément de base des crypto-monnaies, d'adopter une approche pragmatique de la qualification ...

[ES] El terrorismo yihadista constituye una de las grandes amenazas para la Seguridad Nacional de los Estados a nivel global. Su principal exponente a este nivel son las organizaciones Al Qaeda y Daesh, encuadradas en el Movimiento Yihadista Global. A pesar de localizar su estructura central en otras regiones, los estados miembros de la Unión Europea sufren las consecuencias de sus prácticas. El presente trabajo analiza, desde la perspectiva del análisis de la conducta delictiva y de la inteligencia criminal, los atentados enmarcados en el ámbito de la Unión Europea vinculados con Al Qaeda y Daesh entre los años 2000 y 2020. En él se determina la influencia de las organizaciones matrices en las actuaciones en suelo de la Unión. Además, a partir de este estudio, se analiza la tendencia y se extraen una serie de patrones que pueden resultar de utilidad para la operativa de la lucha contra el terrorismo. Estos se centran, especialmente, en indicadores que puedan ayudar –a partir de un evento o informaciones preliminares– a discriminar entre atentados compuestos por una cadena de ataques y los protagonizados por un ataque aislado, además de arrojar información sobre el número de individuos actuantes. Finalmente, se propone una solución de inteligencia aplicada a nivel táctico, en la que se combinan conocimientos clásicos de inteligencia y otros procedentes de la perfilación criminal, en un instrumento denominado Análisis de Redes Sociales Perfiladas. ; [EN] Jihadist terrorism is a great threat to National Security in the world. Its main sample is Al Qaeda and Daesh, organizations belonging to the Global Jihadist Movement. Although its central structure is in other regions, the member states of the European Union suffer the consequences of their actions. This work analyzes from the perspective of the analysis of criminal behavior and criminal intelligence the attacks in the European Union linked to Al Qaeda and Daesh between the years 2000 and 2020. The study determines the influence of the central organizations in the actions in the European Union. The trend is also analyzed and a series of patterns are extracted for the fight against terrorism. These focus on indicators that make it possible to discriminate between attacks made up of a chain of attacks and single-act attacks, as well as the number of perpetrators. Finally, an intelligence tool applied at a tactical level is proposed, in which classical intelligence is combined with knowledge of criminal profiling, to build an application called Profiled Social Network Analysis.

International audience ; This article addresses the social phenomenon of monetary creation, in the digital world, that has been growing steadily in recent years. The aim is to share the experience of the European and French law in its attempt to determine the legal status of the so-called digital currencies, particularly considering the blockchain as the technical aspect that characterizes their creation and operation. The methodology employed is based on documentary research and analysis of the various legal sources, specifically doctrine, legislation, and case law. The study points out that a regulation of the blockchain as the basic element of cryptocurrencies is essential; a pragmatic approach in the legal qualification of such technical element according to the different uses that can be made of it; as well as the need for a harmonized international agreement considering its crossborder nature to provide legal certainty to users. In conclusion, digital currencies cannot be qualified as legal tender. However, the fact that they are socially accepted as means of payment, as well as their multifaceted character that lends them to various purposes, make the legal actors to adopt a pragmatic approach framing them legally according to the use that is made of them. ; Cet article traite du phénomène social de la création monétaire, dans le monde numérique, qui n'a cessé de croître ces dernières années. L'objectif est de partager l'expérience du droit européen et français dans sa tentative de déterminer le statut juridique des monnaies virtuelles, notamment à la lumière de ce que l'on appelle la "blockchain" comme aspect technique caractérisant leur création et leur fonctionnement. La méthodologie appliquée est basée sur la recherche documentaire et l'analyse des différentes sources juridiques, à savoir la doctrine, les lois et la jurisprudence. L'étude suggère qu'il est essentiel de réglementer la blockchain en tant qu'élément de base des crypto-monnaies, d'adopter une approche pragmatique de la qualification ...

International audience ; This article addresses the social phenomenon of monetary creation, in the digital world, that has been growing steadily in recent years. The aim is to share the experience of the European and French law in its attempt to determine the legal status of the so-called digital currencies, particularly considering the blockchain as the technical aspect that characterizes their creation and operation. The methodology employed is based on documentary research and analysis of the various legal sources, specifically doctrine, legislation, and case law. The study points out that a regulation of the blockchain as the basic element of cryptocurrencies is essential; a pragmatic approach in the legal qualification of such technical element according to the different uses that can be made of it; as well as the need for a harmonized international agreement considering its crossborder nature to provide legal certainty to users. In conclusion, digital currencies cannot be qualified as legal tender. However, the fact that they are socially accepted as means of payment, as well as their multifaceted character that lends them to various purposes, make the legal actors to adopt a pragmatic approach framing them legally according to the use that is made of them. ; Cet article traite du phénomène social de la création monétaire, dans le monde numérique, qui n'a cessé de croître ces dernières années. L'objectif est de partager l'expérience du droit européen et français dans sa tentative de déterminer le statut juridique des monnaies virtuelles, notamment à la lumière de ce que l'on appelle la "blockchain" comme aspect technique caractérisant leur création et leur fonctionnement. La méthodologie appliquée est basée sur la recherche documentaire et l'analyse des différentes sources juridiques, à savoir la doctrine, les lois et la jurisprudence. L'étude suggère qu'il est essentiel de réglementer la blockchain en tant qu'élément de base des crypto-monnaies, d'adopter une approche pragmatique de la qualification ...