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Crime prevention is one of the elements of the social control over criminality. Social control over criminality is one of the elements of the system of social control. Crime prevention is understood as such influence of a society, institutions of social control, individual citizens on the factors of criminality, which result in reduction of criminality and/or leads to desirable change of its structure and to prevention of potential crimes. The idea of the crime prevention its much more reasonable, democratic, liberal, progressive than punishment and reprisals. But how much is crime prevention realistic and efficient? According to criminal law, about 100 per cent of all adult population are criminals. Who whom will "prevent"? Prevention is first of all the influence on the factors of crimes. Who can state today that he knows these factors? We have no data about efficiency of existing programs of crime prevention. There is serious danger of degeneration of prevention in the infringement of the human rights, But prevention is always better than repression post factum. The set of measures of primary, secondary, tertiary prevention should as a whole improve social conditions, create mere human atmosphere, to protect specific person, to rescue potential victim from, possible encroachments. ; Nusikaltimų prevencija - vienas iš socialinės nusikalstamumo kontrolės elementų. Socialinė nusikalstamumo kontrolė - vienas iš socialinės kontrolės sistemos elementų. Nusikaltimų prevencija suprantama kaip visuomenės, socialinės kontrolės institucijų, atskirų piliečių poveikis nusikalstamumo veiksniams, kurie mažina nusikalstamumą ir/arba keičia jo struktūrą bei užkerta kelią galimiems nusikaltimams. Nusikaltimų prevencija yra priimtinesnė, demokratiškesnė, liberalesnė, pažangesnė nei bausmės ir prievarta. Tačiau kiek nusikaltimų prevencija yra reali ir veiksminga? Baudžiamosios teisės duomenimis, maždaug 100 proc. visų suaugusių gyventojų yra nusikaltėliai. Tuomet kas ką saugo? Prevencija pirmiausia yra poveikis nusikalstamumo veiksniams. Kas šiandien gali pasakyti, kad žino šiuos veiksnius? Mes neturime duomenų, kiek paveikios dabartinės nusikaltimu prevencijos programos. Prevencija gali tapti neefektyvi, jei bus pažeidinėjamos žmogaus teisės. Tačiau prevencija visuomet yra geriau nei prievarta. Visų 3 prevencijos rūšių - bendrosios, specialiosios, individualiosios -priemonių visuma turėtu gerinti socialines sąlygas, kurti humaniškesnę aplinką, ginti žmogų ir saugoti potencialią auką nuo galimų pasikėsinimų.

Deviant behaviour is one of the most precise barometers of the social, economic, political and moral climate in a society. In this article the author analyses different forms of deviant behaviour in St Petersburg including violent crime, property crime, suicide and drug and alcohol addiction. Two stages in the dynamics of social deviation are identified during the transition period from 'socialist totalitarianism' to democracy. The first stage — from mid‐1985 to the end of 1987 — can be characterized by the spiritual and psychological elevation of the population, a sense of liberation and release and the expectation of improvement in standards of living. During this period the level of the main forms of deviant behaviour receded. The second stage begins with the deceleration of economic and political reforms in Russia. This process has been accompanied by an impoverishment in the level and the quality of life and in the basic components of socio‐demographic development and, as a result, by increasing levels of deviant behaviour. The advent of a third stage of economic, social and political stability is difficult to forecast. Our analysis of the official statistics and interviews with the people of St Petersburg leads to the following observation: the absolute and relative quantitative components of the basic forms of deviant behaviour have risen intensely and are near to critical. In addition, organized criminality has reached the level of criminal communities which control not only the great number of criminal organizations and groups but also the economic structures. On the one side, a process of criminalization of business is taking place, on the other, the politicization of organized criminality. In the author's opinion, this tendency of the social, political and economic processes militates against any optimistic prognosis for the immediate future.Le comportement déviant est un des baromètres les plus précis du climat social, économique, politique et moral d'une société. Dans cet article l'auteur analyse les différentes formes de comportement déviant à Saint Petersbourg, y compris les crimes violents, le crime contre la propriété, le suicide et la dependance à la drogue et l'alcool. Deux étapes dans les dynamiques des déviances sociales sont identifiées durant la période de transition du 'totalitarisme socialiste'à la démocratie. La première phase — du milieu de 1985 à la fin de 1987 — peut être caractérisée par l'élévation spirituelle et psychologique de la population, un sentiment de libéation et de relâchement et l'espoir d'une amélioration du niveau de vie. Durant cette période le niveau des formes principales de déviance baissa. La seconde phase commence avec le ralentissement des réformes politiques et sociales en Russie. Ce processus a été accompagné par un apprauvissement du niveau et de la qualité de la vie et des éléments de base du développement socio‐démographique, et, conséquemment, par un accroîssement des comportements déviants. La venue d'une troisième phase de stabilitééconomique, sociale et politique est difficile à prévoir. Notre analyse des statistiques officielles et des interviews avec les gens de Saint Petesbourg conduit à l'observation suivante: les éléments quantitatifs absolus et relatifs des formes déviantes de base sont beaucoup augmenté et approchent un niveau crucial. De plus, l'organisation criminelle a atteint le niveau de communautés criminelles qui contrôlent non seulement un grand nombre d'organisations et groupes criminels mais aussi les structures économiques. D'un côté, il y a un processus de criminalisation des entreprises et, de l'autre, la politisation des crimes organisés. L'auteur pense que cette tendance des processus sociaux, politicaux et économiques va à l'encontre de tous pronostics optimistes pour le futur immédiat.

The goal of this book is to provide a unique and comprehensive examination of the ethics of terrorism's origins, history, meaning and its numerous avenues of expression. There are 18 lectures that address the ethics of terrorism in both traditional and nontraditional explanations, including the psychological aspects of abandonment, weakness and degradation. Inasmuch as ethics and morals are often confused, the challenge lies in common misunderstanding and engaging in the discourse of the lectures on the ethics of terrorism. These lectures on the ethics of terrorism are meant to decode the comp

This article considers the prospects for effective regulation of emerging globalized industries by examining the effectiveness of the 'smart regulation' approach associated with the port state control enforcement regime for seafarers' health and safety. Smart regulation seeks to generate incentive structures that promote proactive compliance by ship operators. Drawing on an international comparative study, which included extensive observation of ship inspections in India, Russia and the UK, it is suggested that the main reason why the hoped-for 'market in virtue' is only weakly present turns on the perceived and actual inconsistencies in the implementation of the regulatory regime. These contrasts exist cross-nationally, and are manifested in terms of differences in the local character of enforcement practice, and in levels of trust in national regulatory administrations. The strong overall regulatory framework, the political will to avoid damaging maritime accidents, and the well-developed system of port state control, all suggest that the shipping industry may be taken as a test case for the possibility of effective smart governance of a globalized industry. The limited gains achieved in this sector thus bode ill for effective future governance of other emerging globalizing industries.

This article draws on the experience of conducting fieldwork in Russia, as part of an international comparative examination of health and safety regulatory enforcement in the shipping industry. We discuss the difficulties faced by fieldworkers in ensuring personal safety and maintaining rapport with research respondents in conditions characterized by danger and crisis; a situation made worse by the murder of one of our key gatekeepers. We develop a provisional conceptual framework which draws distinctions between the `frontier'-like nature of settings associated with some research areas, the challenges posed by researching institutions faced by various kinds of crisis, and the sensitivity of the specific research topic in question. We argue that a combination of these dimensions produce particular social spaces, which we term `risksaturated', which are especially corrosive of relations with respondents, and which may pose very real physical threats to field workers.

In an ever changing complex world, law enforcement must readily adapt to fight criminals/terrorists. This book, written by indigenous authors, provides unique insights into the seven countries being examined. Each chapter brings a unique viewpoint explaining the country's police from the perspective of that country's culture. The wide range of countries combined with native experts make this book a necessary first step toward properly handling international crime and terrorism