In the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights there are rights related to Justice and to the effective remedy. The latter is the most relevant as it serves as a reference to the remaining rights established in Article 47 concerning parties' procedural guarantees and particularly, the right to defence during trial The aim of the proceeding for interim measures is to guarantee the full effectiveness of the ECJ's future final decision in order to avoid the lack of judicial protection that shall be ensured by this Court ; Entre los derechos recogidos en la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales vigentes en la Unión Europea se hallan aquellos relacionados con el valor Justicia y, como no podía ser de otro modo, el derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva ocupa un lugar prioritario ya que sirve de pórtico al resto de derechos que se contienen en el artículo 47 relacionados con las garantías procesales de las partes y, en particular, con el derecho de defensa La finalidad de las medidas provisionales es garantizar la plena eficacia de la futura decisión definitiva al objeto de evitar una laguna en la protección jurisdiccional que depara el Tribunal de Justicia.
In the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights there are rights related to Justice and to the effective remedy. The latter is the most relevant as it serves as a reference to the remaining rights established in Article 47 concerning parties' procedural guarantees and particularly, the right to defence during trial The aim of the proceeding for interim measures is to guarantee the full effectiveness of the ECJ's future final decision in order to avoid the lack of judicial protection that shall be ensured by this Court. ; Entre los derechos recogidos en la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales vigentes en la Unión Europea se hallan aquellos relacionados con el valor Justicia y, como no podía ser de otro modo, el derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva ocupa un lugar prioritario ya que sirve de pórtico al resto de derechos que se contienen en el artículo 47 relacionados con las garantías procesales de las partes y, en particular, con el derecho de defensa La finalidad de las medidas provisionales es garantizar la plena eficacia de la futura decisión definitiva al objeto de evitar una laguna en la protección jurisdiccional que depara el Tribunal de Justicia. ; Ministerio de Economía I+D DER 2012-32111
En la actualidad, el estudio de la jurisdicción debe abordarse desde su configuración constitucional y en este sentido puede decirse que la Constitución española de 1978 trajo consigo un cambio político sustancial en la concepción del Estado y de la función judicial, que trasciende al ámbito procesal. La norma fundamental española declara que la justicia emana del pueblo y se administra por jueces y magistrados integrantes del Poder Judicial, independientes, inamovibles, responsables y sometidos únicamente al imperio de la ley. Este ordenamiento fundamental expone las garantías constitucionales que rodean la potestad jurisdiccional correspondiente a juzgados y tribunales, y consagra el principio de unidad jurisdiccional como base de la organización de los órganos judiciales. ; The study of the judicial function nowadays has to be examined from a constitutional perspective. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 provoked a substantial political change in Spain that changed the conception of the State and the judicial function, which went beyond a mere procedural consideration. In this way, the Spanish Constitution states that the judicial function derives from the people, and is performed by judges and magistrates that form part of the judicial power and who are independent, non-removable, responsable and subjected only to the law. Morewer, said Constitution also defines constitutional rights tha support the judicial function, such as the principle of jurisdictional unity principle.
In the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights there are rights related to Justice and to the effective remedy. The latter is the most relevant as it serves as a reference to the remaining rights established in Article 47 concerning parties' procedural guarantees and particularly, the right to defence during trial.The aim of the proceeding for interim measures is to guarantee the full effectiveness of the ECJ's future final decision in order to avoid the lack of judicial protection that shall be ensured by this Court. ; Entre los derechos recogidos en la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales vigentes en la Unión Europea se hallan aquellos relacionados con el valor Justicia y, como no podía ser de otro modo, el derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva ocupa un lugar prioritario ya que sirve de pórtico al resto de derechos que se contienen en el artículo 47 relacionados con las garantías procesales de las partes y, en particular, con el derecho de defensa.La finalidad de las medidas provisionales es garantizar la plena eficacia de la futura decisión definitiva al objeto de evitar una laguna en la protección jurisdiccional que depara el Tribunal de Justicia.
La presente crónica pretende acercar al lector a las distintas reformas de normas procesales que se han producido a lo largo del año 2007 coincidente con el último período de una Legislatura (2004/2008) pródiga en Leyes de carácter social y que han tenido indudable repercusión en el ordenamiento jurídico procesal no sólo por la necesidad de adaptar su contenido a las exi-gencias y previsiones derivadas del nuevo marco jurídico, sino también para posibilitar el cumplimiento de la regulación legal ordenada en las normas que se analizan en este trabajo y que, con una finalidad muy diversa, se han ido promulgando a lo largo del año de referencia. Con todo, una vez más, debemos lamentar la demora en la necesaria y urgente reforma global de la Administración de Justicia, sin duda una de las más importantes tareas legislativas pendientes en la modernización de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico2.
10 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107699 ; Sardine and anchovy have shown important changes in landings, biomass, abundance and body condition with time in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these changes, including the negative interaction with jellyfish blooms. Increases in jellyfish blooms may be one of the reasons for a decline in these fish stocks because several jellyfish species have been shown to feed on fish larvae and juveniles. The main aim of the present study was to test the plausible relationship between jellyfish blooms and stock dynamics (abundance, biomass, and fitness) of anchovy and sardine, and its fisheries within an ecological context of the western Mediterranean Sea. Our main hypothesis was that jellyfish blooms, in combination with other environmental drivers, could have negative effects due to their predation on early stages of small pelagic fish (direct mortality) or due to predation on zooplankton, which is also prey of the small pelagic fish at different ontogenetic stages (direct competition). To test our hypothesis, we developed Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Models to compare landings, biomass, abundance, and Kn condition factor of both species with several climatic indices, oceanographic variables, and the occurrences of jellyfish blooms. Our results revealed that the jellyfish bloom occurrence had a high probability of negatively and broadly affecting both species in addition to changes in environmental conditions. This suggests that jellyfish blooms should be added to the likely causes of change when analyzing small pelagic fish change ; This study was carried out within the Spanish Research project PELWEB (CTM2017-88939-R) funded by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and the Catalonian Government PELCAT projects (CAT 152CAT00013, TAIS ARP059/19/00005). [.] MC acknowledges the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) to the Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC). ; Peer reviewed
20 pages, 15 figures, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00622/full#supplementary-material ; In the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) are the most important small pelagic fish in terms of biomass and commercial interest. During the last years, these species have experimented changes in their abundance and biomass trends in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, in addition to changes in growth, reproduction and body condition. These species are particularly sensitive to environmental fluctuations with possible cascading effects as they play a key role in connecting the lower and upper trophic levels of marine food webs. It is therefore essential to understand the factors that most profoundly affect sardine and anchovy dynamics. This study used a two-step approach to understand how the environment influences the adult stages of these species in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. First, we explored the effects of environmental change over time using Random Forests and available datasets of species occurrence, abundance, biomass and landings. We then applied species distribution models to test the impact of the extreme pessimistic and optimistic Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) pathway scenarios, and to identify possible climate refuges: areas where these species may be able to persist under future environmental change. Findings from the temporal modeling showed mixed effects between environmental variables and for anchovy and sardine datasets. Future pathway projections highlight that both anchovy and sardine will undergo a reduction in their spatial distributions due to future climate conditions. The future climate refuges are the waters around the Rhone River (France) and the Ebro River (Spain) for both species. This study also highlights important knowledge gaps in our understanding of the dynamics of small pelagic fish in the region, which is needed to progress towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries management ; This study was carried out within the Spanish Research project PELWEB (CTM2017-88939-R) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the European Research Contract SPELMED (EASME/EMFF/2016/032) funded by the ECEASME and the Catalonian Government PELCAT projects (CAT 152CAT00013 and TAIS ARP059/19/00005) ; Peer reviewed
21 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.570354/full#supplementary-material.-- Data Availability Statement: The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because the dataset is available by request to the Spanish Institute of Oceanography. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to webmaster@ieo.es ; Small pelagic fish (SPF) in the western Mediterranean Sea are key elements of the marine food web and are important in terms of biomass and fisheries catches. Significant declines in biomass, landings, and changes in the age/size structure of sardine Sardina pilchardus and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus have been observed in recent decades, particularly in the northern area of the western Mediterranean Sea. To understand the different patterns observed in SPF populations, we analyzed key life history traits [total length at age, length at maturity, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and body condition (Kn)] of sardine and anchovy collected between 2003 and 2017, from different fishing harbors distributed along a latitudinal gradient from northern to southern Spain. We used Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to estimate the length at maturity and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to test the relationship with environmental variables (seawater temperature, water currents, and net primary productivity). The life history traits of both species presented seasonal, interannual and latitudinal differences with a clear decline in length at age, length at first maturity, and body condition, for both species in the northern part of the study area. In the southern part, on the contrary, life history traits did not present a clear temporal trend. The environmental conditions partially explained the long-term changes in life history traits, but the selected variables differed between areas, highlighting the importance of regional oceanographic conditions to understand the dynamics of small pelagic fish. The truncated length-at-age pattern for both species with the disappearance of the larger individuals of the population could have contributed to the poor condition of small pelagic fish populations in the northern part of the western Mediterranean Sea in recent years. In the south area, recent declines in body condition for sardine and anchovy were observed and could be a possible first sign for future population declines. This study highlights the importance of understanding the trade-off between the energy invested in reproduction, maintenance and growth at seasonal and interannual level to advance our knowledge on how environmental and human pressures influence population dynamics of small pelagic fish at local and regional scales ; This study was carried out within the Spanish Research project PELWEB (CTM2017-88939-R) funded by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the European Research Contract SPELMED (SC NR 02-TENDER EASME/EMFF/2016/032XXX) funded by EC EASME. Fisheries data collection has been co-funded by the EU through the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) within the National Program of collection, management and use of data in the fisheries sector and support for scientific advice regarding the Common Fisheries Policy (Regulation, EU 2017/1004) ; With funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed
Las multinacionales tecnológicas están revolucionando y "deteriorando" el tradicional trabajo dependiente, ya que permiten ofrecer servicios que aparentemente están dentro de la llamada "economía colaborativa". Éste sería el caso de Uber Pop, que ofrece transporte de viajeros por particulares que usan sus vehículos privados para ello. Esto ha generado multitud de conflictos con la industria del taxi dado que, en principio, operan sin la correspondiente licencia y no pagan impuestos. Reino Unido ha autorizado su actividad, mientras que en España ha sido suspendida y se ha planteado una cuestión prejudicial ante el Tribunal de la Unión Europea. Ante esta situación, nos preguntamos qué consideración tienen los conductores propietarios de vehículos privados que transportan a los particulares que solicitan los servicios mediante una start-up, y qué función desempeña el Derecho del Trabajo ante la existencia del empleo digital. ; The activity of technological multinationals has caused a revolution that somehow has "deteriorated" the traditional dependent work, since they can offer services that are apparently within the so-called "collaborative economy." This is the case of Uber Pop, which provides transport of passengers by private individuals that use their own vehicles. This has generated many conflicts with the taxi industry since, apparently, they operate without a license and pay no taxes. UK authorized its activity, while in Spain it has been suspended and a question has been raised to the Court of the European Union. In this situation, we wonder if the owners of private vehicles who transport individuals seeking services through a start-up can be considered as dependent workers, and what is the role of Labor Law in relation to digital jobs. ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad DER 2012-32111
International audience ; Independence of science and best available science are fundamental pillars of the UN-FAO code of conduct 41 for responsible fisheries and are also applied to the European Union (EU) Common Fishery Policy (CFP), 42 with the overarching objective being the sustainable exploitation of the fisheries resources. CFP is 43 developed by DG MARE, the department of the European Commission responsible for EU policy on 44 maritime affairs and fisheries, which has the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries 45 (STECF) as consultant body. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea, the General Fisheries Commission for the 46 Mediterranean (FAO-GFCM), with its own Scientific Advisory Committee on Fisheries (GFCM-SAC), plays a 47 critical role in fisheries governance, having the authority to adopt binding recommendations for fisheries 48 conservation and management. During the last years, advice on the status of the main stocks in the 49 Mediterranean and Black Sea has been provided both by GFCM-SAC and EU-STECF, often without a clear 50coordination and a lack of shared rules and practices. This has led in the past to: i) duplications of the 51 advice on the status of the stocks thus adding confusion in the management process and, ii) a continuous 52 managers' interference in the scientific process by DG MARE officials hindering its transparency and 53 independence. Thus, it is imperative that this stalemate is rapidly resolved and that the free role of science 54 in Mediterranean fisheries assessment and management is urgently restored to assure the sustainable 55 exploitation of Mediterranean marine resources in the future.
International audience ; Independence of science and best available science are fundamental pillars of the UN-FAO code of conduct 41 for responsible fisheries and are also applied to the European Union (EU) Common Fishery Policy (CFP), 42 with the overarching objective being the sustainable exploitation of the fisheries resources. CFP is 43 developed by DG MARE, the department of the European Commission responsible for EU policy on 44 maritime affairs and fisheries, which has the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries 45 (STECF) as consultant body. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea, the General Fisheries Commission for the 46 Mediterranean (FAO-GFCM), with its own Scientific Advisory Committee on Fisheries (GFCM-SAC), plays a 47 critical role in fisheries governance, having the authority to adopt binding recommendations for fisheries 48 conservation and management. During the last years, advice on the status of the main stocks in the 49 Mediterranean and Black Sea has been provided both by GFCM-SAC and EU-STECF, often without a clear 50coordination and a lack of shared rules and practices. This has led in the past to: i) duplications of the 51 advice on the status of the stocks thus adding confusion in the management process and, ii) a continuous 52 managers' interference in the scientific process by DG MARE officials hindering its transparency and 53 independence. Thus, it is imperative that this stalemate is rapidly resolved and that the free role of science 54 in Mediterranean fisheries assessment and management is urgently restored to assure the sustainable 55 exploitation of Mediterranean marine resources in the future.
International audience ; Independence of science and best available science are fundamental pillars of the UN-FAO code of conduct 41 for responsible fisheries and are also applied to the European Union (EU) Common Fishery Policy (CFP), 42 with the overarching objective being the sustainable exploitation of the fisheries resources. CFP is 43 developed by DG MARE, the department of the European Commission responsible for EU policy on 44 maritime affairs and fisheries, which has the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries 45 (STECF) as consultant body. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea, the General Fisheries Commission for the 46 Mediterranean (FAO-GFCM), with its own Scientific Advisory Committee on Fisheries (GFCM-SAC), plays a 47 critical role in fisheries governance, having the authority to adopt binding recommendations for fisheries 48 conservation and management. During the last years, advice on the status of the main stocks in the 49 Mediterranean and Black Sea has been provided both by GFCM-SAC and EU-STECF, often without a clear 50coordination and a lack of shared rules and practices. This has led in the past to: i) duplications of the 51 advice on the status of the stocks thus adding confusion in the management process and, ii) a continuous 52 managers' interference in the scientific process by DG MARE officials hindering its transparency and 53 independence. Thus, it is imperative that this stalemate is rapidly resolved and that the free role of science 54 in Mediterranean fisheries assessment and management is urgently restored to assure the sustainable 55 exploitation of Mediterranean marine resources in the future.
International audience Independence of science and best available science are fundamental pillars of the UN-FAO code of conduct 41 for responsible fisheries and are also applied to the European Union (EU) Common Fishery Policy (CFP), 42 with the overarching objective being the sustainable exploitation of the fisheries resources. CFP is 43 developed by DG MARE, the department of the European Commission responsible for EU policy on 44 maritime affairs and fisheries, which has the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries 45 (STECF) as consultant body. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea, the General Fisheries Commission for the 46 Mediterranean (FAO-GFCM), with its own Scientific Advisory Committee on Fisheries (GFCM-SAC), plays a 47 critical role in fisheries governance, having the authority to adopt binding recommendations for fisheries 48 conservation and management. During the last years, advice on the status of the main stocks in the 49 Mediterranean and Black Sea has been provided both by GFCM-SAC and EU-STECF, often without a clear 50coordination and a lack of shared rules and practices. This has led in the past to: i) duplications of the 51 advice on the status of the stocks thus adding confusion in the management process and, ii) a continuous 52 managers' interference in the scientific process by DG MARE officials hindering its transparency and 53 independence. Thus, it is imperative that this stalemate is rapidly resolved and that the free role of science 54 in Mediterranean fisheries assessment and management is urgently restored to assure the sustainable 55 exploitation of Mediterranean marine resources in the future.
