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One of the essential postulates of political orientation and determination for the building of stable societies and a functioning political system in its content recognizes and imposes the need to examine the relation of relevant political actors to constitutionalism and human rights as concepts and preoccupations for any modern society. Also, constitutionalism and human rights and freedoms as its inseparable category manifest the political values and the corpus of essential and common political goals and commitments of a particular political community. Political Islam as an ideological political subject has its own sources and a valuable orientation framework through which prisms and perceptions can be interpreted or extracted by individual axiological determinants to certain issues. This paper analyzes exactly the relations of political Islam with constitutionalism and human rights, and similarly to the so-called framework it draws attention to the concepts of power, the mechanisms of control and compliance with the Sharia regulations. At the same time, the importance of human rights and freedoms in the Islamic narrative, their nature and scope, as well as the differences with the western established documents in this area are emphasized and analyzed.

Modern constitutional and political concepts, in a broad sense, represent an expressed codification of the elements of value that structure the relevant society or the particular group that tries to project or channel them through the existing order. The secularism vs. Islamism dichotomy is a part of such a conceptual framework. The author elaborates and compares both ultimate constitutional and political designs, specifying them through the example of Turkey and Iran, as well as to shows the basic characteristics through the prism of their political legitimacy, the organization of power, the human rights and freedoms, as well as the possibility of political activism. The thesis that the author notes develops in the direction of a warning that the extremes contained in the constitutional provisions in the vividly ideologically divided societies can be a source of a conflict and/or can generate instability or suffocation of the pluralism in the political arena.

In the imminent paper the author elaborates the primary theoretical modalities of conservative ideology. Such variants arises from the conservative ideology where diversity, specificities and needs are treated as a fundamental principle of their activity. The necessity to present the basic modalities of conservative philosophy lie in the fact that modern right-centrist parties are faced with the dilemma of ideological repositioning and expedient concretization of the priorities in their own political action. In this respect the author concentrates on four essential concepts that shape the conservative action in modern discourse. Paternalistic Conservatism, Neoliberal Conservatism, Neoconservatism and Christian Democracy create a framework of conservative worldview through the theoretical prism and also withdraw substantial axiological and praxeological differentiation on relevant issues such as freedom of the market, media, agriculture, financial sector, solidarity, religion, penal policy, taxes etc.

This paper is an illustration of certain specifications in the conservative discourse in a certain European western countries. Each one of the countries from the western hemisphere has its particular peculiarities that determine the usage of the political operation by the conservative parties. Certainly, the complexity of the conservative ideology study has been enriching with the perception of the most basic practices in the political activity of the right parties in some western countries. This paper consists of a short definition about the conservatism followed by its primary and secondary principles. Then, continues to an individual cases in a three highly developed European countries where as a sample are taken the most significant parties in the conservative and Christian Democrat ideology. The conservatism as a political ideology has been formed in the middle of the XVII century as a resistance towards the shifts and the challenges that were under influence of the enlightenment, industrialization and the urbanization. If the conservatism as a political theory, ideology and practice originates from the countries with foregoing activities, logically emerges a need to study their characteristics. The author's intention is to represent the traits creating the content of that ideology and activity, what are the distinction marks that would be the most appealing of the certain country, as well as to prove the link with the parties from the conservative family on a European level. The study of the conservatism as a political ideology in the modern ideological- doctrinal spectrum would be certainly impossible if there is no closer look to those paradigms.

The question of the correlation between Islam, political Islam and liberal democracy has so far been the most exposed topic in exploring the democratic capacity of political Islam and Islamic societies in general. What is particularly intriguing about the relationship between political Islam and liberal democracy is the fact of its westernized triviality that has received a pejorative tone in Islamic political circles. Simplified, the triviality of liberal democracy for the Islamic political campus implies imposing a model of democracy that cannot be fully compatible with the original Muslim notion of society and government. Hence, the following paper analyzes exactly the relations of political Islam to specific inherent categories of liberal democracy such as the rule of law, representative government, the separation of powers and secularism as a diferenta specifica of liberal western democratic discourse. Through the methods of induction and deduction, the author will illustrate how appropriate tangent or divergence is illustrated and how this is reflected in the general ideological positioning of political Islam towards liberal democracy in Muslim countries through an axiological and praxeological perspective.

The following paper analyzes an issue that is one of the elemental and underlying causes of the bitter problem of hate speech that is raging across Europe. Islamophobia, as one of the most prevalent causes of hate speech and hate crimes, necessitates the essential study of its ideological coloring. Hence, the author's intention, through methods of induction, deduction, and comparison, is to present precisely its political narrative from an ideological perspective, while emphasizing its general determinants that reflect the common denominator that is related and adaptable in all European countries. On the other hand, the author will show how generic ideology through the political narrative of Islamophobia may be different in the countries of Western and Southeastern Europe, namely its roots, motives, sociopolitical conditions, and political and ideological orientations. Such components, complemented by an elaboration of the political ambiance of Islamophobia, that is, the general stereotypes about Muslims and hate crimes against Muslims in Europe constitute an integral content of this paper.

The question of the correlation between Islam, political Islam and liberal democracy has so far been the most exposed topic in exploring the democratic capacity of political Islam and Islamic societies in general. What is particularly intriguing about the relationship between political Islam and liberal democracy is the fact of its westernized triviality that has received a pejorative tone in Islamic political circles. Simplified, the triviality of liberal democracy for the Islamic political campus implies imposing a model of democracy that cannot be fully compatible with the original Muslim notion of society and government. Hence, the following paper analyzes exactly the relations of political Islam to specific inherent categories of liberal democracy such as the rule of law, representative government, the separation of powers and secularism as diferenta specifica of liberal western democratic discourse. Through the methods of induction and deduction, the author will illustrate how appropriate tangent or divergence is illustrated and how this is reflected in the general ideological positioning of political Islam towards liberal democracy in Muslim countries through an axiological and praxeological perspective.

The relation between religion and politics is a field of mutual interaction, as well as source and promoter of many historical, current and probably future political movements, parties, and organizations. Political Islam represents the old-new dimension in the spectrum of contemporary political ideologies with specific characteristic and own socio-political worldview which pretend to penetrate into countries with Muslim inhabitants. The authors analyze those value's elements, their first term, and modern interpretation, as well as their indicators for change. Level and dynamic of society's development in many cases are determinate in political ideologies and Political Islam tries to present itself in this light with affirmation of its/own postulates of organization and regulation on socio-political living. This paper in addition to analyzing on those values' framework logically offers and review of political doctrine sources which concept Political Islam in the whole of its time-space aspects. Keywords: Political ideology, Political Islam, Shariа law, Islamic parties, Islamic movements, Islamic values

The relation between religion and politics is a field of mutual interaction, as well as source and promoter of many historical, current and probably future political movements, parties, and organizations. Political Islam represents the old-new dimension in the spectrum of contemporary political ideologies with specific characteristic and own socio-political worldview which pretend to penetrate into countries with Muslim inhabitants. The authors analyze those value's elements, their first term, and modern interpretation, as well as their indicators for change. Level and dynamic of society's development in many cases are determinate in political ideologies and Political Islam tries to present itself in this light with affirmation of its/own postulates of organization and regulation on socio-political living. This paper in addition to analyzing on those values' framework logically offers and review of political doctrine sources which concept Political Islam in the whole of its time-space aspects.

This paper investigates the Federalist papers while stressing the significance of individual liberty in the US political system. The main intention of this paper is to locate and to define the current state of individual liberty in the US, taking into account the US political authorities' attitude. This research derives from the following research question: What are the challenges of individual liberty in the US as a human right taking into account the Federalist papers? The US Federalist papers are treated as a "Constitution" of the individual liberty, and its driving force. Besides the right to life, this human right emerges as the second but not less significant than the latter. Individual liberty confirms the right to life and the right to live in a free, prosperous, and democratic society, where the state power is limited by human rights, and thus, guaranteeing the well–being of the people. Individual liberty as a basic human right, especially recognizable for the US, remains as a main pillar of the US democratic political system, historically established by the Founding fathers. In the end, this paper concludes that individual liberty is taken, not given by the state, and thus, it must be improved and preserved, as a bulwark against the destructive forces of the state and its repressive apparatus.