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Uttar Pradesh, the largest state in India, has 170 million inhabitants who represent 16.2 percent of India's population. Uttar Pradesh (UP) is classified as one of the 'lagging states of India' for its slow growth, low human development indicators and high concentration of the poor. UP occupies an important position in India because of its size and as a determinant of the country's overall progress. UP has continuously slipped behind India as a whole. Growth or the lack of it has a mirror image in poverty trends. In the 1970s, UP's poverty level was almost at the national average and actually came below the all-India level in 1977-78. Poverty climbed again in 1983. Since the 1990s, slow growth in industry and services has been responsible for UP's lag. The report is organized as: it starts with an assessment of trends in growth, poverty, and inequality presents in chapter one. It notes a slower reduction in poverty in urban areas and in the Western and Eastern regions. Chapter two presents a poverty profile, its non-income dimensions and silent features of the dynamics of poverty. Chapter three presents the underpinnings of growth and reduction in poverty, the report examines patterns of employment, wages and migration patterns in UP. Chapter four focuses on the latent potential of the agricultural sector. Chapters five and six examine trends, challenges and achievements in education and health indicators. Chapter seven addresses access to social assistance programs. Chapter eight presents possible solutions for improving delivery of services.

Data from the 2000 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES), together with expenditure data from the Ministries of Education and Health and Family Welfare, was used to analyze the distribution of GoB subsidies in these two sectors across poor and nonpoor. The analysis revealed that only two types of spending – outlays on primary education and allocations to child health within Essential Package of Services – are strongly pro-poor.While overall GoB subsidies to education and health were not pro-poor per se, they were more equitably distributed than private spending in these two sectors. Further, these subsidies reduce overall inequality in the income distribution, as they were found to be more equally distributed across the population as compared to overall private expenditures.

Using two rounds of nationally representative household survey data in this study, the authors measure the impact on poverty in Nepal of local and international migration for work. They apply an instrumental variable approach to deal with nonrandom selection of migrants and simulate various scenarios for the different levels of work-related migration, comparing observed and counterfactual household expenditure distribution. The results indicate that one-fifth of the poverty reduction in Nepal occurring between 1995 and 2004 can be attributed to increased levels of work-related migration and remittances sent home. The authors also show that while the increase in work migration abroad was the leading cause of this poverty reduction, internal migration also played an important role. The findings show that strategies for economic growth and poverty reduction in Nepal should consider aspects of the dynamics of domestic and international migration

China is aging at an unprecedented rate. Improvements in life expectancy and the consequences of the decades-old family planning policy have led to a rapid increase in the elderly population. According to the United Nations World Population Prospects, the proportion of older people age 65 and over will increase by about one-fourth by 2030, and the elderly will account for about one quarter of the total population by 2050. Population aging will not only pose challenges for elder care but also have an impact on the economy and all aspects of society (World Bank, 2016a). The government is aware of the need to develop an efficient and sustainable approach to aged care. To this end, the General Office of the State Council issued the 12th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Aged Care Services in China and the Development Plan for a System of Social Services for the Aged (2011-2015). It is now in the process of formulating the 13th Five-Year National Plan on Aging, which will further elaborate and finalize the reform roadmap for 2016 to 2020. The Plan is expected to be finalized and launched by June 2016. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) helped draft these plans and is now leading the development of policy measures for the provision of social services for the elderly. This volume has been prepared to support the translation of the broad ideas on aged care provision expressed in the 12th and 13th Five-Year Plans and other government plans into reality and to help the government tackle the challenges described above. It strives to identify a policy framework that fits the Chinese context and can be put in place gradually. Specifically, it aims to provide an up-to-date understanding of the evolving aged care landscape in China; review international experiences in long-term care provision, financing, and quality assurance and assess their relevance to China's current situation; discuss implications of current developments and trends for the future of aged care in China; and propose policy options based on available evidence and best practices.

AbstractThis study uses 1993–94 and 1999–2000 rounds of India Employment and Unemployment survey to investigate wage differentials between the public and private sectors. To obtain robust estimates of the wage differential, we apply three econometric techniques each relying on a different set of assumptions about the process of job selection and wage formation. All three methods show that differences in wages between public sector workers and workers in the formal‐private and informal‐casual sectors are positive and high. On average, the public sector premium ranges between 62 and 102 per cent over the private‐formal sector, and between 164 and 259 per cent over the informal‐casual sector, depending on the choice of methodology. The wage differentials in India tend to be higher in rural as compared to urban areas, and are higher among women than among men. The wage differential also tends to be higher for low‐skilled workers. There is considerable evidence of an increase in the wage differential between 1993–1994 and 1999–2000. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The authors use 1993-94 and 1999-2000 India Employment and Unemployment surveys to investigate wage differentials between the public and private sectors as well as workers' decisions to join a particular sector. To obtain robust estimates of the wage differential, they apply three econometric techniques each relying on a different set of assumptions about the process of job selection. All three methods show that differences in wages between public sector workers and workers in the formal-private and informal-casual sectors are positive and high. Estimates show that, on average, the public sector premium ranges between 62 percent and 102 percent over the private-formal sector, and between 164 percent and 259 percent over the informal-casual sector, depending on the choice of methodology. The authors' review of wage differentials (estimated using similar methodologies) across the world shows that India has one of the largest differentials between wages of public workers and workers in the formal private sector. The wage differentials in India tend to be higher in rural as compared with urban areas, and are higher among women than among men. The wage differential also tends to be higher for low-skilled workers. There is considerable evidence of an increase in the wage differential between 1993-94 and 1999-2000.

DEVELOPMENT CANNOT BE IMPOSED FROM THE OUTSIDE. IT HAS TO HAPPEN FROM WITHIN. This groundbreaking book from South Asia shows how homegrown experiments can be scaled up to transform the lives of millions of poor women and men in the developing world. Here are stories of development ideas that work?and of the visionary individuals who were determined to see them succeed. These achievements have taken place against all odds, in countries struggling with widespread corruption, weak governance, minimal infrastructure, deep-rooted social divisions, and poorly functioning judicial systems. South Asia

Thailand is the second-fastest aging country in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) after Singapore, and it is growing old before it grows rich. Thailand has already made considerable progress in recognizing the ageing challenge and has initiated policy reforms and development programs to address it at both national and local levels. The 2012–16 National Economic and Social Development Plan and, more recently, the 2017–2036 National Strategy, underscore the welfare of older persons as a government priority. At the heart of Thailand's approach is universal health insurance, supported by a community-based primary health care system with a reliance on volunteers. Thailand is now working to expand access to long-term care (LTC) at the community level as part of this volunteer-supported primary health care system. This report was prepared based largely on secondary sources, given the limitations on travel during 2020. It makes use of the comprehensive results of the Survey of Older Persons in Thailand, as well as excellent studies produced by various government, non-government, and academic authors. Nevertheless, in preparing the report the authors noted considerable data gaps, especially on private sector services, costs and usage, labor force, and projections of future demand for care. The team fact-checked the report with various country and sector experts; however, it should be considered a preliminary overview of the current situation. Additional data and consultation are needed to elaborate on the recommendations provided in this report.

"This paper assesses the impact of work-related migration by males on the labor market behavior of females in Nepal. Using data from the 2004 Nepal household survey, the authors apply the Instrumental Variable Full Information Maximum Likelihood method to account for unobserved factors that could simultaneously affect males' decision to migrate and females' decision to participate in the labor market. The results indicate that male migration for work has a negative impact on the level of market work participation by the women left behind. The authors find evidence of substantial heterogeneity (based both on observable and unobservable characteristics) in the impact of male migration. The findings highlight the important gender dimension of the impact of predominantly male worker migration on the wellbeing of sending households. The authors argue that strategies for economic development in Nepal should take into account such gender aspects of the migration dynamics. "--World Bank web site

The report aims to provide a quick statistical update on changes in poverty and living conditions and access to services between the two periods of February and June 2000, and 2002-2003, the two data points. At the same time, the Government of Uttar Pradesh requested the Bank's support for a preparation of a joint report with a wider and deeper scope of analysis focusing on determinants and changes in living conditions of the Uttar Pradesh population and assessing performance of current policies and programs with respect to their impacts on the poor. This report highlights income and poverty trends between 1993/94 and 2002/03, education trends between 1999/2000 and 2002/03, health trends in the late 1990s-early 2000), access to amenities trends between 1999/2000 and 2002/03, and government program trends between 1999/2000 and 2002/03.