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Working paper
What Can We Learn with Statistical Truth Serum?
In: The public opinion quarterly: POQ, Band 77, Heft S1, S. 159-172
ISSN: 1537-5331
The Product and Difference Fallacies for Indirect Effects
In: American journal of political science, Band 56, Heft 1, S. 257-269
ISSN: 1540-5907
Political scientists often cite the importance of mechanism-specific causal knowledge, both for its intrinsic scientific value and as a necessity for informed policy. This article explains why two common inferential heuristics for mechanism-specific (i.e., indirect) effects can provide misleading answers, such as sign reversals and false null results, even when linear regressions provide unbiased estimates of constituent effects. Additionally, this article demonstrates that the inferential difficulties associated with indirect effects can be ameliorated with the use of stratification, interaction terms, and the restriction of inference to subpopulations (e.g., the indirect effect on the treated). However, indirect effects are inherently not identifiable-even when randomized experiments are possible. The methodological discussion is illustrated using a study on the indirect effect of Islamic religious tradition on democracy scores (due to the subordination of women). Adapted from the source document.
The Product and Difference Fallacies for Indirect Effects
In: American journal of political science: AJPS, Band 56, Heft 1, S. 257-270
ISSN: 0092-5853
How to Make Causal Inferences with Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data Under Selection on Observables
In: V-Dem Working Paper 2018:67
SSRN
Working paper
How to Make Causal Inferences with Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data under Selection on Observables
In: American political science review, Band 112, Heft 4, S. 1067-1082
ISSN: 1537-5943
Repeated measurements of the same countries, people, or groups over time are vital to many fields of political science. These measurements, sometimes called time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) data, allow researchers to estimate a broad set of causal quantities, including contemporaneous effects and direct effects of lagged treatments. Unfortunately, popular methods for TSCS data can only produce valid inferences for lagged effects under some strong assumptions. In this paper, we use potential outcomes to define causal quantities of interest in these settings and clarify how standard models like the autoregressive distributed lag model can produce biased estimates of these quantities due to post-treatment conditioning. We then describe two estimation strategies that avoid these post-treatment biases—inverse probability weighting and structural nested mean models—and show via simulations that they can outperform standard approaches in small sample settings. We illustrate these methods in a study of how welfare spending affects terrorism.
Front‐Door Difference‐in‐Differences Estimators
In: American journal of political science, Band 61, Heft 4, S. 989-1002
ISSN: 1540-5907
AbstractWe develop front‐door difference‐in‐differences estimators as an extension of front‐door estimators. Under one‐sided noncompliance, an exclusion restriction, and assumptions analogous to parallel trends assumptions, this extension allows identification when the front‐door criterion does not hold. Even if the assumptions are relaxed, we show that the front‐door and front‐door difference‐in‐differences estimators may be combined to form bounds. Finally, we show that under one‐sided noncompliance, these techniques do not require the use of control units. We illustrate these points with an application to a job training study and with an application to Florida's early in‐person voting program. For the job training study, we show that these techniques can recover an experimental benchmark. For the Florida program, we find some evidence that early in‐person voting had small positive effects on turnout in 2008. This provides a counterpoint to recent claims that early voting had a negative effect on turnout in 2008.
Identifying Judicial Empathy: Does Having Daughters Cause Judges to Rule for Women's Issues?
In: American journal of political science, Band 59, Heft 1, S. 37-54
ISSN: 1540-5907
In this article, we consider whether personal relationships can affect the way that judges decide cases. To do so, we leverage the natural experiment of a child's gender to identify the effect of having daughters on the votes of judges. Using new data on the family lives of U.S. Courts of Appeals judges, we find that, conditional on the number of children a judge has, judges with daughters consistently vote in a more feminist fashion on gender issues than judges who have only sons. This result survives a number of robustness tests and appears to be driven primarily by Republican judges. More broadly, this result demonstrates that personal experiences influence how judges make decisions, and this is the first article to show that empathy may indeed be a component in how judges decide cases. Adapted from the source document.
Identifying Judicial Empathy: Does Having Daughters Cause Judges to Rule for Women's Issues?
In: American journal of political science: AJPS, Band 59, Heft 1, S. 37-54
ISSN: 0092-5853
Using Qualitative Information to Improve Causal Inference
In: American journal of political science: AJPS, Band 59, Heft 4, S. 1055-1071
ISSN: 0092-5853
Using Qualitative Information to Improve Causal Inference
In: American journal of political science, Band 59, Heft 4, S. 1055-1071
ISSN: 1540-5907
Using the Rosenbaum (2002, 2009) approach to observational studies, we show how qualitative information can be incorporated into quantitative analyses to improve causal inference in three ways. First, by including qualitative information on outcomes within matched sets, we can ameliorate the consequences of the difficulty of measuring those outcomes, sometimes reducing p‐values. Second, additional information across matched sets enables the construction of qualitative confidence intervals on effect size. Third, qualitative information on unmeasured confounders within matched sets reduces the conservativeness of Rosenbaum‐style sensitivity analysis. This approach accommodates small to medium sample sizes in a nonparametric framework, and therefore it may be particularly useful for analyses of the effects of policies or institutions in a small number of units. We illustrate these methods by examining the effect of using plurality rules in transitional presidential elections on opposition harassment in 1990s sub‐Saharan Africa.
Alleviating Ecological Bias in Poisson Models Using Optimal Subsampling: The Effects of Jim Crow on Black Illiteracy in the Robinson Data
In: Sociological methodology, Band 44, Heft 1, S. 159-184
ISSN: 1467-9531
In many situations, data are available at some aggregate level, but one wishes to estimate the individual-level association between a response and an explanatory variable (or variables). Unfortunately, this endeavor is fraught with difficulties because of the ecological level of the data. The only reliable approach for overcoming the inherent identifiability problem associated with the analysis of ecological data is to supplement the ecological data with individual-level data. In this article, the authors illustrate the benefits of gathering individual-level data in the context of a Poisson modeling framework. Additionally, they derive optimal designs that allow the individual samples to be chosen so that information with respect to a particular model is maximized. The methods are illustrated using Robinson's classic data on illiteracy rates. The authors show that the optimal design, if used with an appropriate model, produces accurate inference with respect to estimation of relative risks, with ecological bias removed.
Increasing Inferential Leverage in the Comparative Method: Placebo Tests in Small-n Research
In: Sociological methods and research, Band 45, Heft 3, S. 598-629
ISSN: 1552-8294
We delineate the underlying homogeneity assumption, procedural variants, and implications of the comparative method and distinguish this from Mill's method of difference. We demonstrate that additional units can provide "placebo" tests for the comparative method even if the scope of inference is limited to the two units under comparison. Moreover, such tests may be available even when these units are the most similar pair of units on the control variables with differing values of the independent variable. Small- n analyses using this method should therefore, at a minimum, clearly define the dependent, independent, and control variables so they may be measured for additional units, and specify how the control variables are weighted in defining similarity between units. When these tasks are too difficult, process tracing of a single unit may be a more appropriate method. We illustrate these points with applications to two studies.
Varieties of democracy: measuring two centuries of political change
"Varieties of Democracy, or "V-Dem," is a global research project producing new measures of hundreds of attributes of democracy as far back as 1789 for many countries, and for almost all countries around the world from 1900 to the present. This book is a reference guide for anyone who wants to use V-Dem data wisely. It provides full information about the concepts that the data measure, what we know about the validity and reliability of the data, what it reveals about the structure of democracy and the general trends in democratization over the past 229 years, as well as why this explosion of information is likely to raise the standards for causal inferences in democratization research. The V-Dem team and others are already producing a series of publications and papers leveraging the distinctive strengths of these new data, so this book also calls attention to some of those first fruits"--
World Affairs Online
Erratum for Glynn and Quinn (2010)
In: Political analysis: PA ; the official journal of the Society for Political Methodology and the Political Methodology Section of the American Political Science Association, Band 24, Heft 1, S. 130-130
ISSN: 1476-4989