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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 China's Economy and Success Without Freedom -- From Starvation to Superpower: Evolution of China's Overall Economic Approach -- Decentralization of State Economic Control -- Economic Incentives and Outcomes under Decentralized Planning -- The Sino-Soviet Split: A Harbinger of China's Intentions -- Illusory Reforms Under Deng Xiaoping -- Socialism Without Soviet Characteristics -- Rapprochement with the United States -- Freedom? Just Economic Incentives and Political Repression -- Incomplete Nature of Reforms -- The Tiananmen Square Massacre and a New Era of Repression -- Naivete of the West-Trade and Political Freedom -- The Current Economic Landscape of China -- State Planning-Still an Integral Part of China's Economy -- What Do "Property Rights" Entail in China? -- Foreign Direct Investment-One Part of the Growth Strategy -- Currency and Banking -- Debt and Asset Bubbles -- Intellectual Property, Innovation, and Technological Advance -- Mercantilism with Chinese Characteristics -- The Chinese Approach to Intellectual Property -- A Traditionalist and Socialist Aversion to IPRs -- IPR Enforcement-A Persistent Challenge -- Development of IP Law in China -- The Belt and Road -- What Is Not to Like About China's Economic Model? -- References -- 3 The American Economy and Institutions with Sino-US Trade -- Intellectual Property Rights and Other Economic Institutions -- Comparative Advantage Differences -- America-Still a Manufacturing Powerhouse -- The United States Is Still a Leading Manufacturer -- Output and Employment-A Major Divergence -- American Monetary Policy: Creating and Exacerbating Problems -- Asset Bubbles and Supply-Side Deflationary Pressures -- Monetary Expansion-A "Cure" That Becomes a Problem -- Currency Devaluation-Not Just a Chinese Issue.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. China's Economy and Success without Freedom -- Chapter 3. The American Economy and Institutions with Sino-U.S. Trade -- Chapter 4. Specific Problems in the U.S.-China Trade Relationship -- Chapter 5. Institutional Free Riding, etc.

AbstractEconomic institutions are linked to economic growth because they create conditions favourable for production and exchange. Institutions can give a country comparative advantage in producing some goods. If its trading partners lack such institutions, it can still enjoy their benefits by importing these goods. Some institutions, such as intellectual property rights, have non‐excludable benefits because the resulting production is intangible, non‐rival, and often publicly disclosed. The profits, or surplus, that result, however, is rival. Foreign countries can 'free ride' on this benefit by misappropriating rival surplus through infringement. This article develops a theory of institutional free riding in which firms in one country free ride on the benefit of foreign institutions to the detriment of their competitor firms and their countries' institutions. It evaluates the incentives of firms and governments for this free riding, its effects, and potential responses to mitigate these effects.

The author sheds some light on various aspects of the bioethical and biopolitical debate in Austria: basically sceptical attitude of a great part of the Austrian population towards biotechnology and genetic engineering makes up the background. The author's review of the discussions identifies primal biopolitical conflicts, e.g., on the so-called "Fristenlösung" or the conflict surrounding "green" gene technology. Phases of legal regulation (with the enacting of laws governing issues such as reproductive medicine) have been followed by an "institutionalization of bioethics" and recently by some attempts of democratization of the debate. A closer look at the participants shows that the government, the parliament and the political parties act quite reticent, allowing NGOs and, for instance, the Catholic Church to influence plenty of the debate. The author presents selected subjects of the current debate, e.g., the (still not decided) question of Austria's accession to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe or the implementation of the European biopatent-directive. Stem-cell research and reproductive medicine are also discussed. The author concludes with a preliminary but critical comment on the debate.

The author sheds some light on various aspects of the bioethical and biopolitical debate in Austria: basically sceptical attitude of a great part of the Austrian population towards biotechnology and genetic engineering makes up the background. The author's review of the discussions identifies primal biopolitical conflicts, e.g., on the so-called "Fristenlösung" or the conflict surrounding "green" gene technology. Phases of legal regulation (with the enacting of laws governing issues such as reproductive medicine) have been followed by an "institutionalization of bioethics" and recently by some attempts of democratization of the debate. A closer look at the participants shows that the government, the parliament and the political parties act quite reticent, allowing NGOs and, for instance, the Catholic Church to influence plenty of the debate. The author presents selected subjects of the current debate, e.g., the (still not decided) question of Austria's accession to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe or the implementation of the European biopatent-directive. Stem-cell research and reproductive medicine are also discussed. The author concludes with a preliminary but critical comment on the debate.

The author sheds some light on various aspects of the bioethical and biopolitical debate in Austria: basically sceptical attitude of a great part of the Austrian population towards biotechnology and genetic engineering makes up the background. The author's review of the discussions identifies primal biopolitical conflicts, e.g., on the so-called "Fristenlösung" or the conflict surrounding "green" gene technology. Phases of legal regulation (with the enacting of laws governing issues such as reproductive medicine) have been followed by an "institutionalization of bioethics" and recently by some attempts of democratization of the debate. A closer look at the participants shows that the government, the parliament and the political parties act quite reticent, allowing NGOs and, for instance, the Catholic Church to influence plenty of the debate. The author presents selected subjects of the current debate, e.g., the (still not decided) question of Austria's accession to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe or the implementation of the European biopatent-directive. Stem-cell research and reproductive medicine are also discussed. The author concludes with a preliminary but critical comment on the debate.

The author sheds some light on various aspects of the bioethical and biopolitical debate in Austria: basically sceptical attitude of a great part of the Austrian population towards biotechnology and genetic engineering makes up the background. The author's review of the discussions identifies primal biopolitical conflicts, e.g., on the so-called "Fristenlösung" or the conflict surrounding "green" gene technology. Phases of legal regulation (with the enacting of laws governing issues such as reproductive medicine) have been followed by an "institutionalization of bioethics" and recently by some attempts of democratization of the debate. A closer look at the participants shows that the government, the parliament and the political parties act quite reticent, allowing NGOs and, for instance, the Catholic Church to influence plenty of the debate. The author presents selected subjects of the current debate, e.g., the (still not decided) question of Austria's accession to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe or the implementation of the European biopatent-directive. Stem-cell research and reproductive medicine are also discussed. The author concludes with a preliminary but critical comment on the debate.

Der Beitrag beleuchtet die auf nationaler Ebene eingerichteten Ethikkomitees, Ethik-Beratergruppen und Ethikkommissionen sowie die Aufgaben und Funktionen, die solchen Expertengremien in der Praxis angetragen werden können. Darüber hinaus diskutiert er unterschiedliche Implementationsformen: das reine Expertengremium, das nach Maßgabe sozialpartnerschaftlicher Interessenaushandlung strukturierte "Stakeholder-Modell" sowie das "Republikanische Modell", das auf die systematische Einbeziehung von Laien abzielt. Der Blick des Autors auf die österreichische Bioethikkommission macht deutlich, dass sich in der Praxis die Ablösung von sozialpartnerschaftlich verregelten Formen der Politikberatung, die gerade in Österreich große Tradition haben, durch das Expertenmodell nicht reibungslos vollzieht. Entgegen der landläufigen Annahme, die Berufung von Experten bedeute eine Schließung der Debatte, komme es paradoxerweise gerade durch die Expertenkritik zu einer Öffnung des bioethischen Diskurses. (ICH2)

AbstractThis paper compares the effectiveness of two mechanisms of regulation enforcement: (1) the frequency of inspections and (2) penalties for violations. Threat effects of increased penalties and inspection rates, rather than corrective effects upon receiving an inspection or penalty, are the focus of analysis. Mining industry data from 2004–2009 are used to analyze the responses of mines to separate increases in inspections and citation penalties regarding regulations of safety standards. Mines did not improve safety in response to increased penalties at the ex-ante inspecting rates; however, mines significantly reduced accidents under increased inspections when implemented at those higher penalty rates. The identification strategy results in a local average treatment effect that implies increasing inspection rates from current levels would likely increase social welfare. Results are shown to be robust to bandwidth changes and model specification. The interpretation of the estimated local effect in the context of selection is analyzed. Robustness checks regarding selection exploit staffing changes and restrict to similar samples of treated and non-treated mines, justifying that results are representative.