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AbstractGlobal Warming and the Kyoto Protocol are tssues that raise many controverts. This matter is especially visible in the countries which formed the JUSCANNZ, later renamed the Umbrella Group, which is an alliance in the climate negotiations process that consists of non-European Union developed states that - above all - oppose new greenhouse gases emissions reductions commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol itself and the aforementioned commitments were and still are the sources of conflicts on the international and country levels. On the country level these conflicts are highly noticeable in four Umbrella Group countries: United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada and they occurred on various levels in regard to the Kyoto Protocol: negotiation (case of the United States), ratification (cases of the United States and Australia), implementation (cases of the Australia and New Zealand) and a level that can be called a "withdrawal" level (case of Canada). All these conflicts were caused by differences in main political parties' positions towards the Kyoto Protocol and/or by differences in the look on that matter presented by the legislative branch and the executive branch. In this article the abovementioned issues will be examined.

In the article the cases of three territorial disputes between the NATO member states were analyzed, these are: the dispute between Canada and Denmark over the Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel, the dispute between United States and Canada over the part of the Beaufort Sea and thecase of the Northwest Passage, which is considered by Canada as its internal waters while this position is rejected by United States and the other European NATO members. These disputes are in place for the following reasons: access to the potentially newly accessable sea routes and access to rich oil and gas fields. In the article the determinants of these disputes were analyzed as well as most important events that took place during the disputes. An attempt was also made to determine what is and what can be the future impact of global warming on the shape of these disputes. ; W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowane zostały trzy przypadki sporów terytorialnych pomiędzy państwami członkowskimi NATO: spór pomiędzy Kanadą i Danią o znajdującą się w Kanale Kennedy'ego Wyspą Hans, spór pomiędzy Stanami Zjednoczonymi i Kanadą o część Morza Beauforta oraz kwestia Przejęcia Północnozachodniego, które uznawane jest przez Kanadęza wewnętrzne wody terytorialne, czemu sprzeciwiają się Stany Zjednoczone oraz europejskie państwa członkowskie NATO. Spory te mają miejsce z następujących powodów: dostępu do nowych tras morskich oraz do bogatych złóż ropy i gazu. W artykule przeanalizowane zostały uwarunkowania zaistnienia tych sporów oraz przedstawione zostały najważniejsze wydarzenia z ich przebiegu. Została także podjęta próba określenia dotychczasowego oraz potencjalnego przyszłego wpływu globalnego ocieplenia na kształt tych sporów.

Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol are issues that raise many controversies. This matter is especially visible in the countries which formed the JUSCANNZ, later renamed the Umbrella Group, which is an alliance in the climate negotiations process that consists of non-European Union developed states that – above all – oppose new greenhouse gases emissions reductions commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol itself and the aforementioned commitments were and still are the sources of conflicts on the international and country levels. On the country level these conflicts are highly noticeable in four Umbrella Group countries: United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada and they occurred on various levels in regard to the Kyoto Protocol: negotiation (case of the United States), ratification (cases of the United States and Australia), implementation (cases of the Australia and New Zealand) and a level that can be called a "withdrawal" level (case of Canada). All these conflicts were caused by differences in main political parties' positions towards the Kyoto Protocol and/or by differences in the look on that matter presented by the legislative branch and the executive branch. In this article the abovementioned issues will be examined. ; Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim

W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowane zostały trzy przypadki sporów terytorialnych pomiędzy państwami członkowskimi NATO : spór pomiędzy Kanadą i Danią o znajdującą się w Kanale Kennedy'ego Wyspę Hans, spór pomiędzy Stanami Zjednoczonymi i Kanadą o część Morza Beauforta oraz kwestia Przejścia Północnozachodniego, które uznawane jest przez Kanadę za wewnętrzne wody terytorialne, czemu sprzeciwiają się Stany Zjednoczone oraz europejskie państwa członkowskie NATO. Spory te mają miejsce z następujących powodów: dostępu do nowych tras morskich oraz do bogatych złóż ropy i gazu. W artykule przeanalizowane zostały uwarunkowania zaistnienia tych sporów oraz przedstawione zostały najważniejsze wydarzenia z ich przebiegu. Została także podjęta próba określenia dotychczasowego oraz potencjalnego przyszłego wpływu globalnego ocieplenia na kształt tych sporów. ; In the article the cases of three territorial disputes between the NATO member states were an-alyzed, these are: the dispute between Canada and Denmark over the Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel, the dispute between United States and Canada over the part of the Beaufort Sea and the case of the Northwest Passage, which is considered by Canada as its internal waters while this position is rejected by United States and the other European NATO members. These disputes are in place for the following reasons : access to the potentially newly accessable sea routes and access to rich oil and gas fields. In the article the determinants of these disputes were analyzed as well as most important events that took place during the disputes. An attempt was also made to determine what is and what can be the future impact of global warming on the shape of these disputes.

The Kyoto Protocol as the Framework Convention on Climate Change is a milestone in the formation and development of the climate change regime that is aimed at controlling global warming by the international community. But besides that this international agreement also became a factor that created new circumstances and opportunities for international cooperation. These circumstances were created for all the participants of the regime: the states, the non-governmental organizations on behalf of the societies and the business organizations as well as the corporations. The Kyoto Protocol became a catalyst for international cooperation between these international relations' actors at all stages of its existence: the negotiation process, the ratifi cation of it and its implementation, leading to the establishment of new political, social and especially economic ties.