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Examines representations of language in traditional texts of India as indicators of gender, ethnicity, class, & power, & compares them to representations of language that served as markers of status in well-known texts of modern Anglo-Indian literature. The sacred vedic texts of ancient India are touched on, but greater attention is given to signifiers of power relations in the epic, classical, & modern periods. It is argued that religious/social thought & practice in premodern India produced a pervasive link between the control of language & control of the world, an association that was quickly assumed by colonial agents, who were also concerned with both social hierarchy & language as a status indicator. An exploration of the complicated connection of this association with gender representations maintains that it spawned an obsession with the mechanisms of language/linguistic performance, including articulation, grammar, & etymology. It is noted that challenges to the power & prestige of Sanskrit during the Mughal & colonial periods led to the use of English as India's other "father tongue.". 16 References. J. Lindroth

This paper describes the use of Common Lisp (CL) to develop a new version of the Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planner, Shop2, first developed at the University of Maryland (UMD). which we are dubbing Shop3. We will describe ways in which we have profited from language features offered by CL to build a more solid, efficient, yet flexible planning system, review lessons learned and suggest some best practices. Shop3 is an open source tool made publicly available by SIFT, hosted on GitHub. It is freely available for use under the terms of the Mozilla Public License. CL provided a good foundation for extensibility and refactoring of the Shop2 planner to support both more flexibility and extensibility and, at the same time, more usability as a practical tool. By comparison, the Java version of Shop2 was rigid, and rapidly abandoned after the original developer left UMD. By then it already lagged behind the CL version in terms of features because of Java's rigidity, and poor support for symbolic programming. ; This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Air Force Research Laboratory under Contract Number FA8750-17-C-0184. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of DARPA, the Department of Defense, or the United States Government.