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This article reviews research from the 1990s on trends in leaving home in the United States and presents new research on trends in returning home. These trends are placed within the context of two key theoretical considerations: changes in family roles and changes in the economic opportunities of young adults. The leaving home process in early adulthood is tied to changes in the core nuclear family relationships because those between parents and children shape the launch and those between men and women help to shape the destinations. The economic considerations include variation in income sources, particularly wages and transfers, and the costs of independent residence. These considerations underline the importance of taking a comparative perspective to the process of leaving home in the transition to adulthood.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Preface -- CHAPTER ONE The New Family Economy: Residential and Economic Relationships Among the Generations -- The Modernization of the Family Economy -- Family Changes and the Life Course -- Ethnic Variation and its Explanation -- The Research Studies -- Research Implications -- References -- PART I -- CHAPTER TWO Nonfamily Living Arrangements Among Black and Hispanic Americans -- Modernization Theory and the Family -- Constraints, Resources, and Preferences -- Hypotheses -- Data and Methods -- Ethnic and Racial Differences -- Discussion -- References -- CHAPTER THREE The Asian-American Traditional Household -- Changes in Immigration to the U.S. -- Ethnic Differentials in Living Arrangements -- Data, Definitions, and Measurement -- Household Types -- Household Size and Composition -- Nonfamily Living Versus Family Extension -- Nonfamily Living -- Family Extension -- References -- CHAPTER FOUR Nonfamily Households and Housing Among Young Adults -- Background: Nonfamily Living -- Housing and Income -- Hypotheses -- Data and Methods -- Dependent Variables -- Independent Variables -- Predicting Nonfamily Living -- Predicting Marriage and Family Living -- Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER FIVE Living Arrangements Among the Older Population: Constraints, Preferences, and Power -- Autonomy and Dependence Among the Elderly -- Data -- Living Arrangements of Older Persons -- Availability -- Feasibility -- Preferences -- Discussion -- References -- CHAPTER SIX Are Mormon Families Different? Household Structure and Family Patterns -- Religion and Family Patterns -- Individualism and Family Patterns -- Hypotheses, Methods, and Data -- Family Patterns of Religious Groups -- Discussion -- References -- PART II.

Background: The separate spheres, in which men dominate the public sphere of politics, arts, media, and wage work and women dominate the private sphere of unpaid production and caring, is a powerful configuration in much social theory (including Parsons, Becker, and Goode), which posited that with industrialization, family structures and activities would converge towards the nuclear family with strict gender roles.Objective: This paper examines the major trends unraveling the gender division of family support and care that reached its peak in the mid-20th century, often called the 'worker-carer' or the 'separate spheres' model, by comparing the experiences of Sweden and the United States.Methods: We use data that includes time series of macro-level demographic and economic indicators, together with cross-sectional data from censuses and time use surveys.Results: The unraveling of the separate spheres began with the increase in the labor force participation of married women and continues with the increase in men's involvement with their homes and children, but its foundations were laid in the 19th century, with industrialization. We show that despite short-term stalls, slowdowns, and even reverses, as well as huge differences in policy contexts, the overall picture of increasing gender sharing in family support and care is strongly taking shape in both countries.Contribution: By doing a comparative, in-depth analysis, it becomes clear that the extreme role specialization within the couple that divided caring from 'work,' though theoretically important, applied only for a limited period in Northern Europe and the United States, however important it might be in other regions.