Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Translator's Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Bernard Goldstein: A Chronology -- Translator's Note -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: I Go Home -- Chapter 2: Back in Warsaw -- Chapter 3: Praga -- Chapter 4: The Seven Lions -- Chapter 5: The First of May Demonstration in Praga, 1920 -- Chapter 6: Pogrom at the Praga Bund Club -- Chapter 7: Janek Jankelewicz -- Chapter 8: The Cracow Convention -- Chapter 9: A Hail of Persecutions -- Chapter 10: Illegal Work-Once Again -- Chapter 11: The Danzig Convention -- Chapter 12: Coming to the Defense of the Movement -- Chapter 13: Organizing the Bund Militia -- Chapter 14: The Communists and the Underworld -- Chapter 15: The 1922 Election Campaign -- Chapter 16: Unifying the Trade Union Movement -- Chapter 17: The Slaughterers Union -- Chapter 18: Three Slaughterer Dynasties -- Chapter 19: The Transport Workers Union: Back Porters -- Chapter 20: Back Porter Types -- Chapter 21: Rope and Handcart Porters -- Chapter 22: The Food Workers Union -- Chapter 23: The Bakers Union -- Chapter 24: Bagel Bakers and Peddlers -- Chapter 25: A Day in a Slaughter House -- Chapter 26: Jewish and Polish Meat Workers -- Chapter 27: At Parties and Celebrations -- Chapter 28: Resistance: The First of May Demonstration, 1923 -- Chapter 29: Struggles over the Saturday Edition of the Folkstsaytung -- Chapter 30: Commissar Cechnowski -- Chapter 31: Kalmen the Bootmaker's Death -- Chapter 32: The Piłsudski Coup, the PPS, and the FRACs -- Chapter 33: The FRAC Militia -- Chapter 34: A New Gang of Communist Strong-Arms -- Chapter 35: Communists Shoot at a Workers Convention -- Chapter 36: Morgnshtern -- Chapter 37: The Labor Sports Olympiad in Prague -- Chapter 38: Ominous Dark Clouds on All Sides -- Chapter 39: Concerns about Self-Defense -- Chapter 40: A Wave of Wildcat Strikes.

The precautionary principle asserts that the burden of proof for potentially harmful actions by industry or government rests on the assurance of safety and that when there are threats of serious damage, scientific uncertainty must be resolved in favor of prevention. Yet we in public health are sometimes guilty of not adhering to this principle.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- CHAPTER 1. Origins, Foci, and Procedures -- Three Sources of Concern with Socialization to Work -- Work Orientations: Some Conceptual Clarifications -- Three Paths to Follow -- Research Procedures -- Four Focal Themes -- CHAPTER 2. Children's Knowledge of the World of Work -- Children's Grasp of Basic Economic and Commercial Relationships -- Recognition of the General Role of Work in Social Life -- Children's Knowledge of Specific Work-Related Phenomena -- Children's Awareness of Occupational Role Models -- Children's Work and Earning Experiences -- Summary -- CHAPTER 3. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Childhood -- Children's Evaluation of Work -- Children's Aspirations -- Children's Savings Habits -- Summary and Conclusions -- CHAPTER 4. Affective Work Orientations and Sex-Typing -- Children's Work-Related "Likes" and "Dislikes" -- Occupational Sex-Typing in Childhood -- Summary -- CHAPTER 5. Children's Awareness of Social Class -- Children's Perceptions of Social Class -- Class Awareness as a Principle of Perceptual Organization -- Summary and Conclusions -- CHAPTER 6. Children's Conception of Work: An Overview -- Children and Work: A General Summary -- Implications of Findings -- Bibliography -- Index.

Risk analysis has been recognized and validated in World Trade Organization (WTO) decision processes. In recent years the precautionary principle has been proposed as an additional or alternative approach to standard risk assessment. The precautionary principle has also been advocated by some who see it as part of postmodern democracy in which more power is given to the public on health and safety matters relative to the judgments of technocrats. A more cynical view is that the precautionary principle is particularly championed by the European Community as a means to erect trade barriers. The WTO ruling against the European Community's trade barrier against beef from hormone‐treated cattle seemed to support the use of risk assessment and appeared to reject the argument that the precautionary principle was a legitimate basis for trade barriers. However, a more recent WTO decision on asbestos contains language suggesting that the precautionary principle, in the form of taking into account public perception, may be acceptable as a basis for a trade barrier. This decision, if followed in future WTO trade disputes, such as for genetically modified foods, raises many issues central to the field of risk analysis. It is too early to tell whether the precautionary principle will become accepted in WTO decisions, either as a supplement or a substitute for standard risk assessment. But it would undermine the value of the precautionary principle if this principle were misused to justify unwarranted trade barriers.

The World Trade Organization is currently evolving its approach to incorporating scientific and technological evidence into its dispute‐resolution process. In European Communities—Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos‐Containing Products, the Panel was faced with a large amount of complex and conflicting scientific evidence presented by the partisan experts. The Asbestos Panel's solution was to appoint independent, nonpartisan experts to help it understand and evaluate the scientific evidence. While this was far better than trying to unravel the conflicting scientific evidence on its own, two aspects of the Panel's adopted procedure merit scrutiny. First, the expert‐selection process used by the Panel may not assure that the collective expertise of the appointed experts is broad enough when the dispute involves multidisciplinary scientific issues. Second, the process adopted by the Panel for consulting the appointed experts—which involved individual consultation rather than a consensus process—may leave a panel with a distorted or confused picture of the science. A consensus approach is the best means of obtaining scientific advice from appointed experts; it is most calculated to provide a clear and accurate report of the scientific information needed by a panel to make a fair and informed decision on the dispute before it. The underlying principle of world trade agreements is that it is beneficial to all of us to have free trade. Among other things, this requires an effective means of resolving disputes, and increasingly that includes disputes involving complex scientific and technological issues. This can be achieved only if the parties have confidence that their disputes will be decided in a fair and informed manner, based on the best science available. To achieve this goal, we suggest that future WTO panels depart in certain respects from the procedures utilized by the Asbestos Panel.