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The emergence of geographical theory was an inevitable product of the desire to systematize existing geographic knowledge and to use that systematized base to explore new areas of knowledge. Although the usefulness of theory and predictive models in geography is by now a matter of record, it was not always the case. The usefulness and need for theories was often disputed, despite the oft-repeated argument that theories of location explained the laws of spatial distributions, theories of interaction explain the laws of movement and spatial behaviour, theories of growth and development explain the nature of past, present, and future states of being, and theories of decision-making and choice explain observable regularities and repeatable trends in individual, group, institutional and governmental behaviours. Hudson (1969) argued that a theory represents a direct attempt to provide a logical system or nesting place for previously noted regularities – in his case concerning changes in rural settlement patterns. While Hudson's task was specific, the sentiment he expressed has widespread relevance for the emergence and adoption of geographical theories generally.

Transportation planning has been concentrated on demand management as detailed in recent legislation such as the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). With the advent of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) and different management measures such as carpooling, vanpooling and telecommuting, transportation modeling needs to incorporate analyses on these policy measures. Recent computer technology offers versatile functionality to model and evaluate impacts of these policies Geographic information systems (GIS), as an integrating technology, has been increasingly used by DOT to handle transportation modeling and planning needs.

The role played by the theoretical & quantitative revolution in geography is outlined, with particular emphasis on how geographic theory evolved & came to differ from other discipline-based theories. Differences between the initial descriptive spatial theories & the later normative mathematically based theories are emphasized. The making of geographic theory from economic principles is acknowledged & the way that spatial & nonspatial concepts are linked to provide a powerful, normative, well-formed theory is illustrated. Throughout, emphasis is placed on the reasoning & inferential processes used in theory construction, & essential spatial or geographic processes are acknowledged. The transition between descriptive & analytical models is shown in the context of urban settlement & form. Also detailed is the transition from descriptive to normative to process-based theories as geography matured. 9 Figures, 26 References. Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- Contents -- List of illustrations -- Notes on contributors -- Preface -- PART 1 -- 1 Inference problems in locational analysis -- 2 Conceptual and measurement problems in the cognitive-behavioral approach to location theory -- 3 The geographical relevance of some learning theories -- 4 The scaling of locational preferences -- PART 2 -- 5 Cognitive mapping: a thematic analysis -- 6 Behavioral approaches to the geographic study of innovation diffusion: problems and prospects -- 7 Cognitive behavioral geography and repetitive travel -- 8 Residential mobility and behavioral geography: parallelism or independence? -- PART 3 -- 9 Behavioral geography and the philosophies of meaning -- 10 Of paths and projects: individual behavior and its societal context -- 11 Bourgeois thought and the behavioral geography debate -- Author index -- Subject index.

As part of a larger field experiment using remote infrared audible signage, 30 participants who were legally blind provided data about their current travel behavior and activities, the number and types of additional trips they desired to make, and what trips they would make if more environmental cues were available. The results showed a large demand for participation in activities and travel that is not being met, but would be if relevant information was available.

Research into spatial influences on people's everyday activities and experiences presents many conceptual and methodological complexities. Written by leading authorities, this book provides a comprehensive framework for collecting and analyzing reliable person-environment-behavior data in real-world settings that rarely match the controlled conditions described in typical texts. An array of research designs are illustrated in chapter-length examples addressing such compelling issues as spatial patterns of voting behavior, ways in which disabilities affect people's travel and way-finding, how n

The special issue of Environment and Behavior, "Relations Between Environmental Psychology and Allied Fields," edited by Seymour Wapner (1995) contained seven articles explorng the links between environmental psychology and other subfields of psychology. The articles examined how environmental psychology with its emphasis on context "may serve to integrate psychology as a whole, and to brdge the gap between the interests of professionally ohentated and academic psychologists" (Wapner 1995, p. 5). This article expands on this theme by exploring and summarizing the links between psychology and the allied field of human geography. It is suggested that an integrative framework needs to be adopted to capture the ways that these two disciplines, (and others such as planning and anthropology), have become complementary, and by doing so have provided a broader theoretical conceptualization of environment and behavior interactions.