Suchergebnisse

В статье представлены полевые наблюдения автора 2013–2018 гг. в трех тундрах — на Чукотке, Ямале и Кольском полуострове среди чукчей, ненцев, саамов и коми-ижемцев. Отмечается, что кочевые технологии оленеводов в их сложности и многомерности, от пространственно-временного дизайна кочевий до полифункциональности вещей, обеспечивают мобильность в экстремальных условиях Арктики. Кочевая традиция содержит в себе целый набор концептов (или принципов), включая слитное пространство-время, которые, с одной стороны, предельно практичны, с другой — заслуживают теоретической проекции. В отличие от оседлой картины мира, где пространство и время разделены, в ментальности кочевника они нерасчленимы. Как время движется (кочует) по пространству — у каждого месяца есть свои пространственные отметки — так и пространство не существует вне времени. Если в оседлой ментальности пространство и время воспринимаются как объективные измерения человеческой жизни, то кочевое пространство-время субъективно и не движется без человека. Ценностные установки кочевников обозначают преимущества динамики над статикой, активности над пассивностью, маневра над ожиданием. Арктическая номадология вносит вклад в общую теорию движения/мобильности, которая может создать в гуманитарных науках эффект, сопоставимый с воздействием теории относительности на классическую физику.

Note. - In the 1980s, expectations of an oil boom in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug fueled dreams of economic development for the community of Varandei on the coast of the Barents Sea. The first oil tanker headed from Varandei to Arkhangelsk as an experimental voyage in 1985. In 1999 Aker MTW (a Norwegian-owned shipyard in Germany) delivered three new ice-breaking oil tankers to Lukoil Arktik Tanker, a subsidiary of the Russian company Lukoil (Aker MTW 1999), as part of a programme to build up a fleet. Designed to transport chemicals, oil products, vegetable oils and refinery condensates, these tankers are expected to be used for deliveries to towns along the Northern Sea Route and eventually to ship crude oil from the fields of northern Russia. In April 1998, the governor of the Nenets Autonomous District administration, Vladimir Butov, announced that a new oil terminal under construction at Varandei would be used to ship oil along the northern route to Russian and other European markets. Expected to ease the economic crisis of the region and solve the transport problem, the local administration committed to move forward with the 163 million US dollar project. According to press reports in February 1998, the Nenets Okrug government planned to create a Nenets Oil Company that would consider the interests of the local population and distribute 25% of its share of revenues to the local inhabitants (Intefax 1998; Tiurin & Vynder 1998). But inability to reach agreements with western partners (including Norway's Norsk Hydro, France's Total and US companies such as Texaco, Exxon and Conoco) has delayed investment in the harbour and exploitation of the reserves. Anthropologist Andrei Golovnev visited Varandei in the fall of 1998 in connection with a research project under the International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP). His report provides a close-up of Varandei through which we might better understand the conditions that characterize many small communities in the Russian North today (see also Ludviksen 1995). - Gail Osherenko1.

In an age of heightened awareness of the threat that western industrialized societies pose to the environment, hunters and gatherers attract particularly strong interest because they occupy the ecological niches that are constantly eroded. Despite the denial of sovereignty, the world's more than 350 million indigenous peoples continue to assert aboriginal title to significant portions of the world's remaining bio-diversity. As a result, conflicts between tribal peoples and nation states are on the increase. Today, many of the societies that gave the field of anthropology its empirical foundations and unique global vision of a diverse and evolving humanity are being destroyed as a result of national economic, political, and military policies. Although quite a sizable body of literature exists on the living conditions of the hunters and gatherers, this volume is unique in that it represents the first extensive east-west scholarly exchange in anthropology since the demise of the USSR. Moreover, it also offers new perspectives from indigenous communities and scholars in an exchange that be termed "south-north" as opposed to " north-north," denoting the predominance of northern Europe and North America in scholarly debate. The main focus of this volume is on the internal dynamics and political strategies of hunting and gathering societies in areas of self-determination and self-representation. More specifically, it examines areas such as warfare and conflict resolution, resistance, identity and the state, demography and ecology, gender and representation, and world view and religion. It raises a large number of major issues of common concerns and therefore makes important reading for all those interested in human rights issues, ethnic conflict, grassroots development and community organization, and environmental topics