In France, the issue of platform workers is the subject of a clear tension between the legislator and the civil judges. A tension that the European Commission, but also the Criminal Court of Paris, participate to feed.
Depuis près d'un siècle, le contrat de travail a été le modèle contractuel privilégié pour organiser les rapports avec les travailleurs en vue d'assurer l'activité productive. Les plateformes dites numériques ou collaboratives perturbent les représentations traditionnelles de la régulation juridique des rapports de travail, en ce qu'elles s'articulent autour de l'idée d'un contournement de celle-ci par le recours à la figure du travailleur indépendant. Pour ce faire, elles nient l'existence de sujétions, et donc l'exercice d'un quelconque pouvoir sur les travailleurs, se posant en simple intermédiaire entre deux utilisateurs indépendants, l'un en demande d'un service, l'autre se proposant de le réaliser. Pourtant, Loin de mettre un terme à l'exploitation du travail d'autrui, les plateformes fonctionnent au contraire en organisant massivement des phénomènes d'auto-exploitation, de sorte que seules les modalités de cette exploitation changent.
Background: Despite ageing populations and increasing cancer deaths, many European countries lack national policies regarding palliative and end-of-life care. The aim of our research was to determine public views regarding end-of-life care in the face of serious illness. Methods: Implementation of a pan-European population-based survey with adults in England, Belgium (Flanders), Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Three stages of analysis were completed on open-ended question data: (i) inductive analysis to determine a category-code framework; (ii) country-level manifest deductive content analysis; and (iii) thematic analysis to identify cross-country prominent themes. Results: Of the 9344 respondents, 1543 (17%) answered the open-ended question. Two prominent themes were revealed: (i) a need for improved quality of end-of-life and palliative care, and access to this care for patients and families and (ii) the recognition of the importance of death and dying, the cessation of treatments to extend life unnecessarily and the need for holistic care to include comfort and support. Conclusions: Within Europe, the public recognizes the importance of death and dying; they are concerned about the prioritization of quantity of life over quality of life; and they call for improved quality of end-of-life and palliative care for patients, especially for elderly patients, and families. To fulfil the urgent need for a policy response and to advance research and care, we suggest four solutions for European palliative and end-of-life care: institute government-led national strategies; protect regional research funding; consider within- and between-country variance; establish standards for training, education and service delivery.
In: Daveson , B A , Alonso , J P , Calanzani , N , Ramsenthaler , C , Gysels , M , Antunes , B , Moens , K , Groeneveld , E I , Albers , G , Finetti , S , Pettentati , F , Bausewein , C , Higginson , I J , Harding , R , Deliens , L , Toscani , F , Ferreira , P L , Ceulemans , L , Gomes , B & on behalf of PRISMA 2014 , ' Learning from the public : citizens describe the need to improve end-of-life care access, provision and recognition across Europe ' European Journal of Public Health , vol 24 , no. 3 , pp. 521-527 . DOI:10.1093/eurpub/ckt029
BACKGROUND: Despite ageing populations and increasing cancer deaths, many European countries lack national policies regarding palliative and end-of-life care. The aim of our research was to determine public views regarding end-of-life care in the face of serious illness. METHODS: Implementation of a pan-European population-based survey with adults in England, Belgium (Flanders), Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Three stages of analysis were completed on open-ended question data: (i) inductive analysis to determine a category-code framework; (ii) country-level manifest deductive content analysis; and (iii) thematic analysis to identify cross-country prominent themes. RESULTS: Of the 9344 respondents, 1543 (17%) answered the open-ended question. Two prominent themes were revealed: (i) a need for improved quality of end-of-life and palliative care, and access to this care for patients and families and (ii) the recognition of the importance of death and dying, the cessation of treatments to extend life unnecessarily and the need for holistic care to include comfort and support. CONCLUSIONS: Within Europe, the public recognizes the importance of death and dying; they are concerned about the prioritization of quantity of life over quality of life; and they call for improved quality of end-of-life and palliative care for patients, especially for elderly patients, and families. To fulfil the urgent need for a policy response and to advance research and care, we suggest four solutions for European palliative and end-of-life care: institute government-led national strategies; protect regional research funding; consider within-and between-country variance; establish standards for training, education and service delivery.