Suchergebnisse

O presente artigo objetiva demonstrar as agência dos discursos sobre as emoções no exercício do trabalho de cuidado de idosos. Trata-se de um estudo etnográfico realizado num centro de convivência católico para pessoas idosas na cidade de Niterói/RJ, nos anos de 2017/2018. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a centralidade dos discursos sobre o sentimento moral "amor", bem como para o fato desse discurso produzir condições morais lidas como adequadas, nesse contexto, para a prática do cuidado. Desse modo, conclui-se pela utilização desse discurso como central na significação do cuidado de idosos como um trabalho.

O presente artigo pretende debater as representações jurídicas sobre as trabalhadoras domésticas remuneradas nas doutrinas de Direito do Trabalho, com especial enfoque para a forma de construções de um discurso construtor de desigualdades. As considerações dessa pesquisa apontam para uma construção de uma imagética sobre as empregadas domésticas de sujeitos que não merecem os mesmos direitos dos demais trabalhadores.

Nesse estudo, utilizou-se o método de observação direta, visando entender os discursos sobre o trabalho doméstico remunerado em Niterói, em especial com atenção às práticas no judiciário quanto à administração de conflitos entre patroas e trabalhadoras domésticas. O trabalho de campo realizado inclui observação de duzentas audiências e entrevistas com donas-de-casa, trabalhadoras domésticas,advogados, juízes e sindicalistas. No judiciário, percebem-se muitos discursos de gênero. Pretende-se uma compreensão sobre a relação entre discurso oficial e práticas sociais nesse tipo de relação.

OBJECTIVE. Identify the nutritional profile of food products exempted from presenting one or more front-ofpackage nutritional warnings during the first stage of Law 30,021 on the Promotion of Healthy Eating for Children and Adolescents in Peru. METHODS. Data were collected on 188 products from points of sale in the city of Lima. The convenience sample included products that until September 17, 2021 were exempted by the legislation from presenting any of the warning labels for sugar, sodium, or saturated fats. An assessment was made of the proportion of products that would be required to apply one or more warning labels when the second stage of the legislation takes effect. It was also calculated how many products exempted from the application of warning labels contain excess sugar, sodium, or saturated fats, according to the criteria of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). RESULTS. 76.1% of the products exceeded at least one of the thresholds for sugar, sodium, or saturated fats that entered in force in September 2021. The proportion of products that the law exempts from warnings and that contain excess sugar, sodium, or saturated fats according to PAHO will be 4.2, 3.4, and 2.3 times lower, respectively, in the second stage. CONCLUSION: During the first stage of the law's entry into force, 58%, 42%, and 28.2% of the products exempted from the presentation of warning labels contained excess sugar, saturated fats, or sodium, respectively, according to PAHO.

Resumo Recentemente, os efeitos dos gastos do governo sobre o consumo privado tem sido analisados por meio de modelos macroeconômicos em que parte dos agentes suavizam seu consumo intertemporalmente, enquanto os demais, restritos ao crédito, consomem baseados na renda disponível. Sob esta abordagem, argumentamos que existe uma relação de cointegração entre consumo privado, gasto do governo e renda disponível que nos permite analisar se o gasto do governo crowds in ou crowds out o consumo privado. Estimamos tal relação para 48 países usando modelos de correção de erros em painel com fatores comuns e, sob a hipótese de que em países em desenvolvimento é maior a proporção de agentes não otimizadores, analisamos a existência de efeitos distintos entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Os resultados indicam que o gasto do governo crowds in o consumo privado no longo prazo, e que os efeitos são maiores nos países em desenvolvimento relativamente aos desenvolvidos.

OBJECTIVE. To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. METHODS. A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. RESULTS. Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. CONCLUSIONS. While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.

OBJECTIVE. To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. METHODS. A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. RESULTS. Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. CONCLUSIONS. While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.

There is insufficient evidence that restaurant menu labeling policies are cost-effective strategies to reduce obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Evidence suggests that menu labeling has a modest effect on calories purchased and consumed. No review has been published on the effect of menu labeling policies on transnational restaurant chains globally. This study conducted a two-step scoping review to map and describe the effect of restaurant menu labeling policies on menu reformulation. First, we identified national, state, and municipal menu labeling policies in countries from global databases. Second, we searched four databases (i.e., PubMed, CINHAL/EBSCO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) for peer-reviewed studies and gray-literature sources in English and Spanish (2000–2020). Step 1 identified three voluntary and eight mandatory menu labeling policies primarily for energy disclosures for 11 upper-middle and high-income countries, but none for low- or middle-income countries. Step 2 identified 15 of 577 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis showed reductions in energy for newly introduced menu items only in the United States. We suggest actions for governments, civil society organizations, and the restaurant businesses to develop, implement, and evaluate comprehensive menu labeling policies to determine whether these may reduce obesity and NCD risks worldwide.

OBJECTIVE: We identified mechanisms for addressing and/or managing the influence of corporations on public health policy, research and practice, as well as examples of where these mechanisms have been adopted from across the globe. DESIGN: We conducted a scoping review. We conducted searches in five databases on 4 June 2019. Twenty-eight relevant institutions and networks were contacted to identify additional mechanisms and examples. In addition, we identified mechanisms and examples from our collective experience working on the influence of corporations on public health policy, research and practice. SETTING: We identified mechanisms at the national, regional and global levels. RESULTS: Thirty-one documents were included in our review. Eight were peer-reviewed scientific articles. Nine discussed mechanisms to address and/or manage the influence of different types of industries; while other documents targeted specific industries. In total, we identified 49 mechanisms for addressing and/or managing the influence of corporations on public health policy, research and practice, and 43 of these were adopted at the national, regional or global level. We identified four main types of mechanisms: transparency; management of interactions with industry and of conflicts of interest; identification, monitoring and education about the practices of corporations and associated risks to public health; prohibition of interactions with industry. Mechanisms for governments (n=17) and academia (n=13) were most frequently identified, with fewer for the media and civil society. CONCLUSIONS: We identified several mechanisms that could help address and/or manage the negative influence of corporations on public health policy, research and practice. If adopted and evaluated more widely, many of the mechanisms described in this manuscript could contribute to efforts to prevent and control non-communicable diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS: The protocol was registered with the Open Science Framework on 27 May 2019 (https://osf.io/xc2vp).