Suchergebnisse

This paper analyzes the international determinants that led to and triggered the Bosnian War in the 1990s. An overview of the Socialist Yugoslavia and its international stance up to its dismemberment is presented at first, focusing on the integration of the country in the international system (and its impact on Yugoslavia) and on its international economic status. Then, the onset of the war and the actions of the Great Powers — United States, France, Germany, United Kingdom, and Russia — are analyzed, looking at the undermining of the Yugoslav state's sovereignty and the empowerment of domestic actors through external support to belligerent groups. It is seen that after Yugoslavia's economic destabilization, foreign interference propelled the start of the war by making the belligerent groups in Bosnia confident because of their foreign support. Geopolitical interests were a determinant of the Bosnian War, which was characterized as an intractable ethnic conflict to hide political agendas at play.Keywords: Bosnian War; Yugoslavia; Post-Cold War geopolitics; Dismemberment of Yugoslavia; Great power politics; Ethnic conflict.

This article analyses North Korean ideologies concerning war and violence. For that, first there is a theoretical review of how ideologies are linked with organised violence. Siniša Malešević's theory about the ideologisation of violence in Modernity is reviewed as well as Carl Schmitt's concept of the political and his later update concerning partisanship. Following the theoretical approaches, there is an analysis of the North Korean ideologies proper, focused on Songun (military-first ideology) and on its counterpart the Ch'ongdae (the gun philosophy) and what they stipulate with reference to violence and war. In the conclusion, it states that both Songun and Ch"ongdae deal with enmity in extremes and are aware of the possibility of war involving North Korea. Even if just for defensive purposes, they call for revolutionary violence. They also serve the purpose of constant mobilisation and legitimisation of war in the country: This way it is always ready for war. Moreover, as both Schmitt's and Malešević's theoretical approaches would predict, these North Korean ideologies do not seem to be open for compromise, exactly because they deal with absolute enmity and dehumanize their enemies. ; Este artigo analisa as ideologias da Coreia do Norte em matéria de guerra e violência. Para isso, em primeiro lugar, há uma revisão teórica de como as ideologias estão relacionados com a violência organizada. A teoria de Siniša Maleševićs sobre a ideologização da violência na Modernidade é revisada, bem como o conceito de Carl Schmitts de política e sua atualização posterior sobre partidarismo. Após as abordagens teóricas, há uma análise das ideologias norte-coreanos adequadas, com foco em Songun (ideologia militar em primeiro lugar) em contrapartida a Ch'ongdae (a filosofia da arma) e o que elas estipulam com referência à violência e à guerra. Na conclusão, afirma que tanto Songun e Ch'ongdae lidam com inimizades nos extremos e estão conscientes da possibilidade de uma guerra envolvendo a Coréia do Norte. Mesmo que apenas para fins defensivos, eles pedem pela violência revolucionária. Eles também servem ao propósito de mobilização constante e legitimação da guerra no país: Desta forma, ele está sempre pronto para a guerra. Além disso, como ambas as abrodagens teóricas de Schmitt e Malešević poderiam prever, estas ideologias norte-coreanos não parecem estar abertas para o comprometimento, exatamente porque eles lidam com inimizade absoluta e desumanizar seus inimigos.