Suchergebnisse

Este artigo utiliza a Pesquisa Operacional para a maximização de lucros e melhoria da tomada de decisão em uma microempresa de serviços de beleza através da aplicação de programação linear. A pesquisa classifica-se como aplicada, exploratória e quantitativa por meio de estudo de caso. A coleta dos dados foi realizada através de entrevista para identificar as variáveis de decisão, função objetivo e restrições do sistema. O modelo foi inserido em planilha eletrônica com resolução através do Solver. As variáveis de decisão foram definidas como a quantidade de cada um dos diferentes serviços a serem realizados. As restrições identificadas dizem respeito ao horário de funcionamento, horário inicial, atendimento da clientela fiel, limitação da mão de obra e demandas máximas de cada serviço. A solução ótima mostrou que a receita mensal da empresa pode aumentar em 206%. Recomenda-se manter ou aumentar as demandas máximas dos serviços cujas restrições não têm folga, conseguir demanda para o horário ocioso e reavaliar o preço dos serviços das variáveis não básicas. A pesquisa demonstrou a relevância da aplicação de PO em micro e pequenas empresas, e o impacto financeiro que podem produzir.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a forma como o estudo de tempos e movimentos pode auxiliar no aprimoramento das operações de carregamento e descarregamento de uma distribuidora de alimentos localizada no Estado do Ceará/CE. A pesquisa é classificada em quali-quantitativa, exploratória e descritiva. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação in loco com o operador que realiza as operações em questão. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que através da ferramenta de cronoanálise o tempo padrão para carregamento e descarregamento são 445,918 e 632,129 segundos, respectivamente. Logo, concluiu-se que esse seria o tempo necessário para um operador qualificado, em condições normais executar uma unidade de serviço. Para as dificuldades encontradas de aspecto ergonômico, foram propostas algumas sugestões visando manter a produtividade sem comprometer a saúde dos trabalhadores.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever as principais inovações tecnológicas que vêm
ocorrendo no setor de fiação da cadeia produtiva da indústria têxtil no Nordeste do Brasil,
tomando-se como referência um estudo de caso de uma empresa da região. São descritos o
estado da arte e o histórico da evolução da indústria têxtil no Brasil e analisa-se, com base
num referencial teórico da cadeia produtiva têxtil, a empresa. Também é apresentada uma
visão geral do desenvolvimento tecnológico do setor, o cenário atual e o melhoramento dos
seus processos produtivos. Por fim são descritas algumas razões e necessidades que levaram
as empresas a se modernizarem utilizando a inovação tecnológica para melhorar a sua
produtividade e qualidade dos seus sistemas de produção.

Palavras-chave: Sistemas de Produção Regional. Inovação Tecnológica. Indústria Têxtil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze social determinants of early sexual initiation among young adults from a birth cohort. METHODS: Individuals from the 1982 birth cohort (N=4,297) were interviewed in 2004-5, city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Early sexual initiation (<13 years of age) was the outcome. Descriptive and stratified analyses were performed according to sex. Variables analyzed were family income in 1982, ethnicity, young adult's level of education and change in income (between 1982 and 2004-5). Ethnographic data were used to complement result analysis. RESULTS: Prevalence of early sexual initiation was higher among black and mixed men, and those with low level of education and low family income in 1982 and 2004-5. More traditional male sexual role requirements, such as virility and sexual initiative, showed more repercussion and adherence from an early age among men. Young family women with higher income and level of education tended to delay their sexual initiation. Imposition of traditional values was found to influence early sexual initiation among men and women with lower level of education and income. CONCLUSIONS: Results found re-established the economic factor as a determinant of behavior or uses of sexuality for both sexes. To focus on political efforts that help the economically disadvantaged to have opportunities and egalitarian future perspectives is an important strategy for health outcomes.

AbstractPurposeExamine associations between childhood behavioural problems with criminal behaviour, emotional disorders, substance use and unemployment in early adulthood in two birth cohorts from a middle- and high-income country.MethodsData were utilised from large, prospective birth cohorts in Brazil (1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort;N = 3939) and the UK (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; ALSPAC;N = 5079). Behavioural problems were reported on by parents at age 11 years (including disobeys, temper, lies, fights, steals). Outcomes (assessed with youth between ages 22 and 24 years) included criminal behaviour, emotional disorders, substance use and NEET (not in education, employment or training).ResultsIn both cohorts, children with 'conduct problems' (those with increased probability of all five behaviours at age 11), were at higher risk of criminal behaviour, emotional disorders and NEET in adulthood compared to those with 'low problems'. Associations for 'conduct problems' were stronger in Pelotas compared to ALSPAC for hazardous alcohol use [Pelotas: risk ratio = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.14–1.70; ALSPAC: risk ratio = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.57–1.02] and illegal drug use [Pelotas: risk ratio = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.16–1.50; ALSPAC: risk ratio = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.91–1.20], whereas associations for criminal behaviour [Pelotas: risk ratio = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.29–2.86; ALSPAC: risk ratio = 2.75, 95% CI = 2.04–3.73] and NEET [Pelotas: risk ratio = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.13–1.70; ALSPAC: risk ratio = 3.04, 95% CI = 1.99–4.65] were stronger in ALSPAC.ConclusionsChildhood conduct problems were associated with criminal behaviour, emotional disorders and unemployment in adulthood in both Brazil and the UK. Additional associations were found for substance use in Brazil.

This is the final published version. It was first published by Wiley at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12369 ; BACKGROUND: Many low- and middle-income countries have high levels of violence. Research in high-income countries shows that risk factors in the perinatal period are significant precursors of conduct problems which can develop into violence. It is not known whether the same early influences are important in lower income settings with higher rates of violence. This study compared perinatal and sociodemographic risk factors between Brazil and Britain, and their role in explaining higher rates of conduct problems and violence in Brazil. METHODS: Prospective population-based birth cohort studies were conducted in Pelotas, Brazil (N = 3,618) and Avon, Britain (N = 4,103). Eleven perinatal and sociodemographic risk factors were measured in questionnaires completed by mothers during the perinatal period. Conduct problems were measured in questionnaires completed by mothers at age 11, and violence in self-report questionnaires completed by adolescents at age 18. RESULTS: Conduct problems were predicted by similar risk factors in Brazil and Britain. Female violence was predicted by several of the same risk factors in both countries. However, male violence in Brazil was associated with only one risk factor, and several risk factor associations were weaker in Brazil than in Britain for both females and males. Almost 20% of the higher risk for conduct problems in Brazil compared to Britain was explained by differential exposure to risk factors. The percentage of the cross-national difference in violence explained by early risk factors was 15% for females and 8% for males. CONCLUSIONS: A nontrivial proportion of cross-national differences in antisocial behaviour are related to perinatal and sociodemographic conditions at the start of life. However, risk factor associations are weaker in Brazil than in Britain, and influences in other developmental periods are probably of particular importance for understanding male youth violence in Brazil. ; The 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study is currently supported by the Wellcome Trust through the programme entitled Major Awards for Latin America on Health Consequences of Population Change (Grant: 086974/Z/08/Z). The European Union, National Support Program for Centers of Excellence (PRONEX), the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq), and the Brazilian Ministry of Health supported previous phases of the study. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (Grant: 092731) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. Additional support for the data collected at age 18 in this paper was provided by UK Medical Research Council (Grants G0800612 and G0802736).The research for this specific article was funded by the Wellcome Trust (Grant: 089963/Z/09/Z). The authors are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. Yulia Shenderovich helped prepare the tables. The authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest.

AbstractPoor school performance may increase the risk of crime and violence via effects on self-esteem, risky behaviours, peer networks, and perceived stakes in society. Despite very high rates of violence in Latin America, no longitudinal research has addressed this issue in the region. Two aspects of educational performance (grade repetition and school completion) were examined during adolescence in a population-based Brazilian birth cohort study (n = 3584). Violent and non-violent crime were measured at age 22 years in confidential self-reports; sociodemographic, family, and individual confounders were measured between birth and age 11 years, and potential mediators were measured at age 18 years. The prevalence of violent and non-violent crimes at 22 years was 8.2% and 3.3%, respectively, referring to acts in the previous twelve months. For youth repeating school grades three times or more, the odds of violent crime were 2.4 (95%CI: 1.6–3.6) times higher than for those who had not repeated any school grade. Youth completing school had a lower risk for both violent (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.4–0.7) and non-violent crime (OR = 0.3; 95%CI: 0.2–0.5), compared to those who did not finish school by the expected age. The protective effect of completing school was independent of the number of grades previously repeated. In conclusion, repeating school grades was associated with increased risk for crime; however, successfully managing to complete school by the expected age was an important protective factor against crime, even after multiple grade repetitions.

Abstract: This paper describes the history, objectives and methods used by the nine Brazilian cohorts of the RPS Brazilian Birth Cohorts Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís) Common thematic axes are identified and the objectives, baseline periods, follow-up stages and representativity of the population studied are presented. The Consortium includes three birth cohorts from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State (1978/1979, 1994 and 2010), four from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State (1982, 1993, 2004 and 2015), and two from São Luís, Maranhão State (1997 and 2010). The cohorts cover three regions of Brazil, from three distinct states, with marked socioeconomic, cultural and infrastructure differences. The cohorts were started at birth, except for the most recent one in each municipality, where mothers were recruited during pregnancy. The instruments for data collection have been refined in order to approach different exposures during the early phases of life and their long-term influence on the health-disease process. The investigators of the nine cohorts carried out perinatal studies and later studied human capital, mental health, nutrition and precursor signs of noncommunicable diseases. A total of 17,636 liveborns were recruited in Ribeirão Preto, 19,669 in Pelotas, and 7,659 in São Luís. In the studies starting during pregnancy, 1,400 pregnant women were interviewed in Ribeirão Preto, 3,199 in Pelotas, and 1,447 in São Luís. Different strategies were employed to reduce losses to follow-up. This research network allows the analysis of the incidence of diseases and the establishment of possible causal relations that might explain the health outcomes of these populations in order to contribute to the development of governmental actions and health policies more consistent with reality.