Suchergebnisse

The hydrogenation of CO2 into CH4 from H2 produced by renewable energy is considered an interesting alternative in order to promote the development of such green energies. In the present work, the effect of Ni and Ru loadings on the catalytic performance of alumina-supported catalysts is studied for CO2 methanation reaction. All catalysts were prepared by wetness incipient impregnation, characterized by several techniques (N2-physisorption, CO2-TPD, XRD, H2-chemisorption, XPS and H2-TPR) and evaluated for CO2 methanation in a fixed bed reactor at GHSV=10,000 h−1 and W/FCO2 0 = 4.7 (g cat.) h mol−1. Characterization results showed that addition of increasing loadings of Ni and Ru lead to the formation of both CO2 adsorption and H2 dissociation active sites, which are necessary to carry out CO2 hydrogenation into methane. Easily reducible ruthenium was dispersed on γ-Al2O3 in form of large agglomerates, whereas Ni was better dispersed presenting a great interaction with the support. 12% Ni and 4% Ru resulted to be the optimal contents providing metal surfaces of 5.1 and 0.6m2 g−1, T50 values of 340 and 310 °C and activity being quite stable for 24 h-on-stream. In terms of turnover frequency (TOF), 4%Ru/Al2O3 catalyst was quite more efficient than 12%Ni/Al2O3, probably due to a greater ability of ruthenium to dissociate hydrogen. The apparent activation energies for alumina supported Ni and Ru were 129 and 84 kJ mol−1, respectively. ; The support from the Economy and Competitiveness Spanish Ministry (CTQ2015-67597-C2-1-R and CTQ2015-67597-C2-2-R MINECO-FEDER), the Basque Government (IT657-13 and IT1297-19) and the SGIker (Analytical Services) at the University of the Basque Country are acknowledged. One of the authors (AQ) also acknowledges University of the Basque Country by his PhD grant (PIF-15/351).

The effect of the LnOx support has been studied for Ni‐based CO2 methanation catalysts. 10 wt. % nickel catalysts with LaOx, CeO2 and PrOx supports have been prepared, characterized by N2 adsorption, XRD, XRF, TG‐MS (N2‐TPD and H2‐TPR) and XPS, and have been tested for CO2 methanation. The catalytic activity follows the trend Ni/CeO2 > Ni/PrOx » Ni/LaOx, all catalysts being very selective towards CH4 formation. The activity depends both on the nature of the catalytic active sites and on the stability of the surface CO2 and H2O species. Ni/CeO2 is the most active catalyst because (i) the Ni2+‐ceria interaction leads to the formation of the highest population of active sites for CO2 dissociation, (ii) the reduced Ni0 sites where H2 dissociation takes place are the most electronegative and active, and (iii) the stability of surface CO2 and H2O species is lowest. Ni/LaOx achieves lower activity because of the strong chemisorption of H2O and CO2, which poison the catalyst surface, and because this support is not able to promote the formation of highly active sites for CO2 and H2 dissociation. The behavior of Ni/PrOx is intermediate, being slightly lower to that of Ni/CeO2 because the formation of active sites is not so efficient and because the stability of chemisorbed CO2 is slightly higher. ; The authors thank the financial support of Basque Government (Consolidated Group IT657-13), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Projects CTQ2015-67597-C2-1-R and CTQ2015-67597-C2-2-R), and the EU (FEDER funding). ADQ thanks the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (grant FPU14/01178) and AQ the University of the Basque Country (grant PIF15/351).

The mechanism and kinetic of CO2 methanation reaction of 9.5 % Ni/Al2O3 catalyst is analysed under a wide range of operating conditions. Once the catalyst activity is stabilized, the influence of temperature, total pressure and space velocity is studied for kinetic characterisation. A data set comprising of 153 experimental runs has been used to develop a kinetic model capable to accurately predict the reaction rate. Ni/Al2O3 catalyst shows an apparent activation energy of 80.1 kJ mol−1 in CO2 hydrogenation. Data obtained under differential mode adjust quite precisely to a power-law model with H2O inhibition, with a water adsorption constant of 3.1 atm−1 and apparent orders of 0.24 and 0.27 for H2 and CO2, respectively. Based on DRIFTS results, we propose for the first time the H-assisted CO formation route, which is compared with the more conventionally reported carbonyl route, and describe the corresponding reaction rate LHHW equation, resulting in notable improvement for mean deviation (D) of 7.0 % in our model related to that based on the carbonyl route (D = 20.1 %) usually suggested for catalysts with higher Ni loads around 20 %. The H-assisted CO formation route considers the formate species decomposition into carbonyls via H-assisted CO formation mechanism and further carbonyls hydrogenation into CHO as the rate determining step. Thus, the LHHW mechanism, in which carbonyls as well as formate species participate in CO2 methanation, is capable to reflect the kinetics of lowly-loaded Ni/Al2O 3 catalyst with high accuracy under relevant process conditions (315−430 °C, 1−6 bar, H2 to CO2 molar ratios between 1–16 and, different reagents and products partial pressures). ; Support for this study was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (Project PID2019-105960RB-C21 and PID2019-105960RB-C22) and the Basque Government (Project IT1297-19). One of the authors (JAOC) acknowledges the Post-doctoral research grant (DOCREC20/49) provided by the University of the Basque Country. Other of the ...

The reaction kinetics of CO2 methanation over a highly active 8.5% Ni/CeO2 catalyst was determined in a fixed-bed reactor, in the absence of heat- and mass-transfer limitations. Once the catalyst activity was stabilized, more than 120 kinetic experiments (with varying values of reaction temperature, total pressure, space velocity (GHSV), and partial pressure of products and reactants) were performed. From initial reaction rates, an apparent activation energy of 103.9 kJ mol–1 was determined, as well as the effect of reactants (positive) and water partial pressures (negative) on CO2 methanation rate. Three mechanistic models reported in the literature, in which CO2 is adsorbed dissociatively (carbon and formyl routes) or directly (formate route), were explored for modeling the entire reaction kinetics. For that, the corresponding rate equations were developed through the Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) approach. In agreement with DRIFTS experiments, formate route, in which the hydrogenation of bicarbonate to formate is considered to be the rate-determining step, reflects the kinetic data accurately, operating from differential conversion to thermodynamic equilibrium. In fact, this mechanism results in a mean deviation (D) of 10.38%. Based on previous own mechanistic studies, the participation of two different active sites has been also considered. Formate route on two active sites maintains a high fitting quality of experimental data, providing kinetics parameters with a higher physical significance. Thus, the LHHW mechanism, in which Ni0 sites as well as oxygen vacant near to Ni-CeO2 interface participate in CO2 methanation, is able to predict the kinetics of Ni/CeO2 catalyst accurately for a wide range of operational conditions. ; Support for this study was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project Nos. PID2019-105960RB-C21 and PID2019-105960RB-C22) and the Basque Government (Project No. IT1297-19). J.A.O.-C. acknowledges the Postdoctoral research grant (No. DOCREC20/49) ...

The CO2 methanation mechanism was studied for Ni/CeO2 and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts. The higher methanation activity and selectivity of Ni/CeO2 is attributed to: i) Ni/CeO2 combines two types of active sites efficient for CO2 dissociation at the NiO-Ceria interface and for H2 dissociation on Ni0 particles; ii) water desorption is the slowest mechanism step, and, due to the high oxygen mobility throughout the ceria lattice, water is not necessarily formed on the same active sites that chemisorb CO2, i.e., the CO2 chemisorption sites are not blocked by water molecules; iii) the Ni/CeO2 surface does not accumulate carbon-containing species under reaction conditions, which allows faster chemisorption and dissociation of CO2. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst handicaps are that all the steps of the mechanism take place on the same active sites, and the slow release of water and the accumulation of surface formates on these sites delay the chemisorption of further CO2 molecules. ; Financial support of: - Economy and Competitiveness Spanish Ministry: Projects CTQ2015-67597-C2-1-R and CTQ2015-67597-C2-2-R MINECO-FEDER) and grant of EBG FJCI-2015-23769. - Generalitat Valenciana: Project PROMETEO/2018/076 and PhD grant of ACA GRISOLIAP/2017/185. - The Basque Government: Project IT657-13. - SGIker (Analytical Services) at the University of the Basque Country. - Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports grant of ADQ FPU14/01178. - University of the Basque Country PhD grant of AQ PIF-495 15/351.