Los canales de televisión lineal se han visto obligados a replantear su estrategia de difusión ante la llegada de nuevos actores emisores. Esta investigación aborda el estudio de la oferta y consumo de vídeos en YouTube procedentes de las cadenas autonómicas que conforman FORTA (Federación de organismos de radio televisión autonómicos) y que están condicionadas por unos presupuestos y recursos muy diferentes a otros actores audiovisuales. En una primera fase se realiza un estudio de la oferta de estos canales en dicha plataforma. Posteriormente se monitoriza el consumo y se contrasta con los datos de audiencia que recoge comScore, con el fin de comprobar la estrategia de estos emisores tradicionales hacia la apertura de nuevas ventanas de visionado. Los resultados indican que existe una gran variedad de modelos de oferta, con una ausencia de contenido exclusivo. El acceso desde el smartphone es mayoritario.
This research delves into the television programs of political infotainment (politainment) broadcast in 2018 in Spain and analyzes in a particular way the behavior of the infoshow 'El Intermedio', as well as the engagement of its social audience on the social network Twitter. For this, a content analysis methodology has been used on the tweets published by the program, the comments received and the reactions made by its social audience. The results of the investigation indicate that, as a whole, politainment programs, or those that include spectacular politics, and that are broadcast in the night time slot, have a greater number of followers on their Twitter profiles than those that are broadcast in the morning, they also concentrate a higher accumulated monthly linear audience. Regarding the analysis of the tweets and comments of 'El Intermedio', the colloquial language and the critical and humorous intentionality are predominant while the engagement obtained is scarce as it does not include only viralizing elements that reinforce its messages. ; Esta investigación profundiza en los programas televisivos de infoentretenimiento político (politainment) emitidos en 2018 en España y analiza de manera particular el comportamiento del infoshow El Intermedio, así como el engagement de su audiencia social en la red de social Twitter. Para ello, se ha empleado una metodología de análisis de contenido sobre los tuits publicados por el programa, los comentarios recibidos y las reacciones efectuadas por su audiencia social. Los resultados de la investigación señalan que, en conjunto, los programas de politainment, o aquellos que incluyen política espectacularizada, y que se emiten en la franja horaria de noche, cuentan con un mayor número de seguidores en sus perfiles de Twitter que los que se emiten en horario de mañana, además concentran una audiencia lineal acumulada mensual mayor. En cuanto al análisis de los tuits y comentarios de El Intermedio, el lenguaje coloquial y la intencionalidad crítica y jocosa son ...
The mediatisation of politics is based on the logic of spectacle. Politainment defines the phenomenon in which political information is trivialised by the hybrid narratives in which it is included and its anecdotal tone, with the aim of reaching an audience that seeks entertainment rather than information. This phenomenon has reached the digital sphere; the media, political parties, and prosumers are interested in using the new communicative context to expand their audience or become producers of new narrative formulas that act as a loudspeaker for online infotainment policies or discourses. This research examines the engagement obtained by politainment producers on Twitter, a network where debates about television content are concentrated. The article examines the tweets issued by Spanish television programmes that carry out politainment. The research focuses on the Spanish general elections held in April 2019 to establish whether this social network acted as a sounding board for television broadcasts and how it contributed to fixing ideas and content. The researchers conducted a content analysis on a sample of 7,059 tweets and 2,771 comments. The results show that the production, promotion, and communication strategies of programmes on Twitter are still scarce and unoriginal. The behaviour of prosumers is not very creative, active, or interactive, preventing the creation of a debate on Twitter or the construction of a horizontal (user–user) or vertical (user–programme) interaction on the content published.
This research studies the offer and consumption on YouTube in Spain of videos from the three main media groups on free-to-air TV. Firstly, a study of the offer of these channels' onset platforms was conducted. Later, the audience data gathered by YouTube Data API and Comscore between February and May 2020 was analyzed to ascertain the traditional broadcasters' strategy regarding new viewing windows. The results indicate that this window display is used mainly as a promotional strategy and the channels do not consider it to be a key element in their digital strategy, with practical nonexistence of crossmedia initiatives and exclusive content. The consumer analysis permits definition of the TV content, its success and user patterns.
[Resumen] Los debates electorales televisivos son uno de los acontecimientos más relevantes en período electoral por su elevada audiencia y centrar la agenda mediática. Esta investigación examina la transmisión de este formato ante la multiplicación de pantallas, la difusión en redes sociales, la introducción de los servicios on demand y el consumo en movilidad junto con la aparición de nuevos actores televisivos. Este estudio de tipo cuantitativo analiza los debates emitidos en las elecciones legislativas de España, celebradas el 28 de abril de 2019, para conocer su expansión más allá del consumo tradicional televisivo y el engagement alcanzado. El método de trabajo combina la monitorización de distintas plataformas. Las conclusiones indican que la emisión de estos debates se produce a través de nuevas ventanas de distribución, originando un elevado índice de seguimiento en Twitter. Las estrategias de emisión de los grupos televisivos difieren. ; [Abstract] Television electoral debates are considered one of the most relevant events during the election period due to their high audience and also because of the power they generate to direct the media agendas. The present research examines the transmission of this format in front the proliferation of screens, diffusion on the social networks, introduction of on demand services, and on the go consumption together with the emergence of new television performers. This quantitative study analyses the debates issued during the parliamentary elections in Spain, which took place on the 28th of April 2019, in order to learn about their impact further than traditional television consumption and the engagement achieved. The methodology employed combined the monitoring of different platforms. The conclusions obtained support that the emission of this kind of debates takes place through new distribution channels, generating a high tracking rate on Twitter. The broadcasting strategies of the television chains differ. ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; CSO2017-84472-R
Televised politics have become an essential focal point in the planning of the electoral campaigns of any political party. Television is the main source of information during electoral processes and politainment programs have become decisive engagements for candidates. This paper carries out a diachronic analysis of the evolution of the audience of Spanish televised debates in order to verify whether this format is worn out. The sample includes ten electoral debates between presidential candidates held before April 2019. In addition, it focuses on the integration of other platforms in the broadcasting and viewing of the electoral debate, e.g. Twitter. The results of this research show the interest of the Spanish audience in this format, from the first broadcast in 1993 up until today, turning them into real television milestones. Likewise, the candidates have also increased their presence on television through other entertainment formats in order to show furthermore human and emotional facets to the electorate. This recent media exposure of political leaders has also been followed by the Spanish citizens. ; La política televisada se ha convertido en un eje imprescindible en la planificación de las campañas electorales de cualquier partido político. La televisión es la principal fuente de información durante los procesos electorales y los espacios de politainment se han erigido en citas decisivas para los candidatos. Este artículo realiza un análisis diacrónico de la evolución de las audiencias de los debates televisados en España para comprobar si el paso del tiempo ha erosionado este formato. La muestra está formada por los diez debates electorales entre los aspirantes a presidir el Gobierno de España celebrados hasta abril de 2019. Asimismo, presta atención a la integración de otras pantallas en la difusión y visionado del debate electoral como Twitter. Los resultados de dicha investigación demuestran elinterés de la audiencia española por este formato desde su primera emisión en 1993 hasta la actualidad, convirtiéndolos en verdaderos hitos televisivos. Además, los candidatos también han incrementado su presencia en la televisión a través de otros formatos de entretenimiento con el fin de mostrar otras facetas más humanas y emocionales al electorado. Esta reciente exposición mediática de los líderes políticos también ha sido seguida por la ciudadanía española.
[Abstract]Televised politics have become an essential focal point in the planning of the electoral campaigns of any political party. Television is the main source of information during electoral processes and politainment programs have become decisive engagements for candidates. This paper carries out a diachronic analysis of the evolution of the audience of Spanish televised debates in order to verify whether this format is worn out. The sample includes ten electoral debates between presidential candidates held before April 2019. In addition, it focuses on the integration of other platforms in the broadcasting and viewing of the electoral debate, e.g. Twitter. The results of this research show the interest of the Spanish audience in this format, from the first broadcast in 1993 up until today, turning them into real television milestones. Likewise, the candidates have also increased their presence on television through other entertainment formats in order to show furthermore human and emotional facets to the electorate. This recent media exposure of political leaders has also been followed by the Spanish citizens. ; [Resumen] La política televisada se ha convertido en un eje imprescindible en la planificación de las campañas electorales de cualquier partido político. La televisión es la principal fuente de información durante los procesos electorales y los espacios de politainment se han erigido en citas decisivas para los candidatos. Este artículo realiza un análisis diacrónico de la evolución de las audiencias de los debates televisados en España para comprobar si el paso del tiempo ha erosionado este formato. La muestra está formada por los diez debates electorales entre los aspirantes a presidir el Gobierno de España celebrados hasta abril de 2019. Asimismo, presta atención a la integración de otras pantallas en la difusión y visionado del debate electoral como Twitter. Los resultados de dicha investigación demuestran el interés de la audiencia española por este formato desde su primera emisión en 1993 hasta la actualidad, convirtiéndolos en verdaderos hitos televisivos. Además, los candidatos también han incrementado su presencia en la televisión a través de otros formatos de entretenimiento con el fin de mostrar otras facetas más humanas y emocionales al electorado. Esta reciente exposición mediática de los líderes políticos también ha sido seguida por la ciudadanía española ; Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad; CSO2017-83159-R
Los cambios en el panorama televisivo han dado pie a nuevas formas de producción y de consumo que imponen desafíos en la monitorización de la audiencia. Este artículo profundiza en las transformaciones de la medición de audiencia a través del estudio de caso de la serie de RTVE Si fueras tú, primera serie de ficción nativa, interactiva, transmedia. Metodología. Se realiza un análisis de los soportes y plataformas oficiales que conforman el universo transmedia de la serie de ficción para posteriormente estudiar las posibilidades de interacción y la actividad de la audiencia en cada una de ellas. Resultados. Los datos muestran que Facebook e Instagram concentran la mayor parte de la actividad del universo transmedia, además se identifica una rutina semanal en la combinación de plataformas y la integración de la audiencia activa. Discusión y conclusiones. Se constata la imposibilidad de cuantificar de forma estandarizada la audiencia transmedia y se señalan retos de futuro.
Este artículo analiza la estrategia llevada a cabo en Twitter para la promoción de la emisión del polémico programa El especial 23F: Operación Palace durante el prime time del 23 de febrero de 2014 en La Sexta. Metodología: Se registró la actividad de las seis cuentas emisoras haciendo un seguimiento del flujo de todos los tuits durante la semana previa y posterior a la emisión. Resultados. La actividad de sus cuentas ha sido muy desigual, destacando a Évole y la cuenta oficial del programa como las más activas. Discusión y conclusiones: Aunque Twitter permite establecer un diálogo entre el público y el programa, del análisis realizado se concluye que la mayor parte de las cuentas no entablan ese contacto con sus seguidores en esta red, excepto Évole. Asimismo, desde esas cuentas se favoreció la confusión de la audiencia durante la promoción del falso documental.
The research was performed at Comuna seven of Cali, Colombia in order to understand the process of community empowerment in a particular context, respect to the relationship between the healthful territories construction and the local development, recognizing (examining closely) the characteristics of citizen participation, the interaction between the different actors, power relations, the conflicts in the planning scenario and the way of use it. It was realized a qualitative interpretative research, with ethnographic design, case method, with community and public functionaries representatives, who participated in Territorial Planning Committee. The results show that the scenarios of participative planning are strategic for public health and help the process of community empowerment because the community makes decisions that qualify their capacity of participation and organization through managing and controlling of affaires that impact the conditions of health of population. The community empowerment more than a strategy is the politic dimension of Public Health that should change its sectorial condition toward the planning of global actions in the framework of integral development. In the construction of healthful territories the participation of the communitarian actor responds to their own motivations and interests and not to the originating ones from the governmental sector. In the Committee of Territorial Planning power relations are pronounced, generating conflicts that as well are fed on corrupted political practices, which interfere and turn slow the process of community empowerment in their three constituent categories, participation, decision-making and management. ; La investigación cualitativa interpretativa, diseño etnográfico, en la modalidad de caso, se realizó en la Comuna siete de Santiago de Cali, Colombia con representantes comunitarios y funcionarios públicos que participaron en el Comité de Planificación Territorial, para comprender el proceso de empoderamiento comunitario en un contexto particular, respecto de la relación entre la construcción de territorios saludables y el desarrollo local, reconociendo las características de la participación ciudadana, las interacciones entre diferentes actores, las relaciones de poder, los conflictos en el escenario de la planificación y la forma como se utiliza este escenario. Los escenarios de planificación participativa son estratégicos para la Salud Pública y favorecen el proceso de empoderamiento, porque el actor comunitario toma de decisiones que le permiten cualificar su capacidad de participación y organización, haciendo gestión y control de los asuntos que impactan las condiciones de salud de la población. El empoderamiento comunitario más que una estrategia, es la dimensión política de la Salud Pública; debe pasar de su condición sectorial a la planificación de acciones globales en el marco del desarrollo integral. En la construcción de territorios saludables la participación del actor comunitario responde a intereses propios y no a los provenientes del sector gubernamental. En el Comité de Planificación Territorial se manifiestan relaciones de poder que generan conflictos, que a su vez obedecen a prácticas clientelistas, lo que interfiere el proceso de empoderamiento comunitario en sus tres categorías constitutivas: participación, decisión y gestión.
Recent studies of haplotype diversity in a number of genomic regions have suggested that long stretches of DNA are preserved in the same chromosome, with little evidence of recombination events. The knowledge of the extent and strength of these haplotypes could become a powerful tool for future genetic analysis of complex traits. Different patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) have been found when comparing individuals of African and European descent, but there is scarce knowledge about the worldwide population stratification. Thus, the study of haplotype composition and the pattern of LD from a global perspective are relevant for elucidating their geographical stratification, as it may have implications in the future analysis of complex traits. We have typed 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a chromosome 22 region--previously described as having high LD levels in European populations -- in 39 different world populations. Haplotype structure has a clear continental structure with marked heterogeneity within some continents (Africa, America). The pattern of LD among neighbouring markers exhibits a strong clustering of all East Asian populations on the one hand and of Western Eurasian populations (including Europe) on the other, revealing only two major LD patterns, but with some very specific outliers due to specific demographic histories. Moreover, it should be taken into account that African populations are highly heterogeneous. The present results support the existence of a wide (but not total) communality in LD patterns in human populations from different continental regions, despite differences in their demographic histories, as population factors seem to be less relevant compared with genomic forces in shaping the patterns of LD. ; This study was supported by the European Project QLG2-CT-2001-00916 and by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia of the Spanish Government (BNC2001-0772).
Background: tobacco is the main risk factor for developing lung cancer. Yet, some heavy smokers do not develop lung cancer at advanced ages while others develop it at young ages. Here, we assess for the first time the genetic background of these clinically relevant extreme phenotypes using whole exome sequencing (WES). Methods: we performed WES of germline DNA from heavy smokers who either developed lung adenocarcinoma at an early age ( extreme cases, n=50) or did not present lung adenocarcinoma or other tumors at an advanced age (extreme controls, n=50). We selected non-synonymous variants located in exonic regions and consensus splice sites of the genes that showed significantly different allelic frequencies between both cohorts. We validated our results in all the additional extreme cases (i.e., heavy smokers who developed lung adenocarcinoma at an early age) available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results: the mean age for the extreme cases and controls was respectively 49.7 and 77.5 years. Mean tobacco consumption was 43.6 and 56.8 pack-years. We identified 619 significantly different variants between both cohorts, and we validated 108 of these in extreme cases selected from TCGA. Nine validated variants, located in relevant cancer related genes, such as PARP4, HLA-A or NQO1, among others, achieved statistical significance in the False Discovery Rate test. The most significant validated variant (P=4.48x10(-5)) was located in the tumor-suppressor gene ALPK2. Conclusions: we describe genetic variants associated with extreme phenotypes of high and low risk for the development of tobacco-induced lung adenocarcinoma. Our results and our strategy may help to identify high-risk subjects and to develop new therapeutic strategies. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology; Fundación SEOM and Fundación Salud 2000; and Government of Navarra. LMM research work is supported by Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA), Fundación Científica de la Asociación Espanola Contra el Cáncer, Fundación Ramón Areces, and Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 'Una manera de hacer Europa' (PI19/00098).
The knowledge of the genetic variability of the local population is of utmost importance in personalized medicine and has been revealed as a critical factor for the discovery of new disease variants. Here, we present the Collaborative Spanish Variability Server (CSVS), which currently contains more than 2000 genomes and exomes of unrelated Spanish individuals. This database has been generated in a collaborative crowdsourcing effort collecting sequencing data produced by local genomic projects and for other purposes. Sequences have been grouped by ICD10 upper categories. A web interface allows querying the database removing one or more ICD10 categories. In this way, aggregated counts of allele frequencies of the pseudo-control Spanish population can be obtained for diseases belonging to the category removed. Interestingly, in addition to pseudo-control studies, some population studies can be made, as, for example, prevalence of pharmacogenomic variants, etc. In addition, this genomic data has been used to define the first Spanish Genome Reference Panel (SGRP1.0) for imputation. This is the first local repository of variability entirely produced by a crowdsourcing effort and constitutes an example for future initiatives to characterize local variability worldwide. CSVS is also part of the GA4GH Beacon network. CSVS can be accessed at: http://csvs.babelomics.org/. ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [SAF2017-88908-R, PT17/0009/0006 to J.D.; PI19/00321 and CIBERER ACCI-06/07/0036 to C.A., PI14-948, PI17-1659 and CIBERER ACCI-06/07/0036 to M.A.M.P.]; Regional Government of Madrid, RAREGenomics-CM [B2017/BMD-3721 to C.A. and B2017/BMD3721 to M.A.M.P.]; all co-funded with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) as well as EU H2020-INFRADEV-1-2015-1 ELIXIR-EXCELERATE [676559]; University Chair UAM-IIS-FJD of Genomic Medicine and the Ramon Areces Foundation also supported this work. Funding for open access charge: Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [SAF2017-88908-R]. ; Peer reviewed
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that reproductive factors are differentially associated with breast cancer (BC) risk by subtypes. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between reproductive factors and BC subtypes, and whether these vary by age at diagnosis. METHODS: We used pooled data on tumor markers (estrogen and progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)) and reproductive risk factors (parity, age at first full-time pregnancy (FFTP) and age at menarche) from 28,095 patients with invasive BC from 34 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). In a case-only analysis, we used logistic regression to assess associations between reproductive factors and BC subtype compared to luminal A tumors as a reference. The interaction between age and parity in BC subtype risk was also tested, across all ages and, because age was modeled non-linearly, specifically at ages 35, 55 and 75 years. RESULTS: Parous women were more likely to be diagnosed with triple negative BC (TNBC) than with luminal A BC, irrespective of age (OR for parity = 1.38, 95% CI 1.16-1.65, p = 0.0004; p for interaction with age = 0.076). Parous women were also more likely to be diagnosed with luminal and non-luminal HER2-like BCs and this effect was slightly more pronounced at an early age (p for interaction with age = 0.037 and 0.030, respectively). For instance, women diagnosed at age 35 were 1.48 (CI 1.01-2.16) more likely to have luminal HER2-like BC than luminal A BC, while this association was not significant at age 75 (OR = 0.72, CI 0.45-1.14). While age at menarche was not significantly associated with BC subtype, increasing age at FFTP was non-linearly associated with TNBC relative to luminal A BC. An age at FFTP of 25 versus 20 years lowered the risk for TNBC (OR = 0.78, CI 0.70-0.88, p < 0.0001), but this effect was not apparent at a later FFTP. CONCLUSIONS: Our main findings suggest that parity is associated with TNBC across all ages at BC diagnosis, whereas the association with luminal HER2-like BC was present only for early onset BC. ; BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A12014) and by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). The Australian Breast Cancer Family Study (ABCFS) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow. M.C.S. is an NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009 4363); BBMRI-NL, which is a Research Infrastructure financed by the Dutch government (NWO 184.021.007); and the Dutch National Genomics Initiative. The ACP study is funded by the Breast Cancer Research Trust, UK. The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELAN-Fond of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The CECILE study was funded by Fondation de France, Institut National du Cancer (INCa), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Ligue contre le Cancer Grand Ouest, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council and Herlev Hospital. The CNIO-BCS was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer and grants from the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer and the Fondo de Investigación Sanitario (PI11/00923 and PI12/00070). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0 and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The HEBCS was financially supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, The Nordic Cancer Union and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HERPACC was supported by MEXT Kakenhi (No. 170150181 and 26253041) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan, by a Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Applying Health Technology from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund, and "Practical Research for Innovative Cancer Control (15ck0106177h0001)" from Japan Agency for Medical Research and development, AMED, and Cancer Bio Bank Aichi. Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Cancer Society, The Gustav V Jubilee foundation and and Bert von Kantzows foundation. The KARMA study was supported by Märit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by a grant from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. Financial support for the AOCS was provided by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DAMD17-01-1-0729), Cancer Council Victoria, Queensland Cancer Fund, Cancer Council New South Wales, Cancer Council South Australia, The Cancer Foundation of Western Australia, Cancer Council Tasmania and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC; 400413, 400281, 199600). G.C.T. and P.W. are supported by the NHMRC. RB was a Cancer Institute NSW Clinical Research Fellow. LAABC is supported by grants (1RB-0287, 3 PB-0102, 5 PB-0018, 10 PB-0098) from the California Breast Cancer Research Program. Incident breast cancer cases were collected by the USC Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP) which is supported under subcontract by the California Department of Health. The CSP is also part of the National Cancer Institute's Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, under contract number N01CN25403. LMBC is supported by the 'Stichting tegen Kanker' (232-2008 and 196-2010). Diether Lambrechts is supported by the FWO and the KULPFV/10/016-SymBioSysII. The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. (70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419), the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany (01KH0402). MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects "5x1000"). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants CA192393, CA116167, CA176785 an NIH Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057, 251553 and 504711 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. MYBRCA is funded by research grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF). Additional controls were recruited by the Singapore Eye Research Institute, which was supported by a grant from the Biomedical Research Council (BMRC08/1/35/19/550), Singapore and the National Medical Research Council, Singapore (NMRC/CG/SERI/2010). The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grant number 250083, 122715 and Center of Excellence grant number 251314), the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the University of Oulu, the University of Oulu Support Foundation and the special Governmental EVO funds for Oulu University Hospital-based research activities. The Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry (OFBCR) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997-1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL CP16). The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). The SASBAC study was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The SBCGS was supported primarily by NIH grants R01CA64277, R01CA148667, and R37CA70867. Biological sample preparation was conducted using the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The scientific development and funding of this project were, in part, supported by the Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) Network U19 CA148065. The SBCS was supported by Yorkshire Cancer Research S295, S299, S305PA and Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre. SEARCH is funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124) and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. SEBCS was supported by the BRL (Basic Research Laboratory) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-0000347). The TBCS was funded by The National Cancer Institute Thailand. The TWBCS is supported by the Taiwan Biobank project of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The UKBGS is funded by Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. ; Sí
