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Jürgen Habermas is regarded as a central bioconservative commentator in the debate on the ethics of human prenatal genetic manipulations. While his main work on this topic, The Future of Human Nature, has been widely examined in regard to his position on prenatal genetic enhancement, his arguments regarding prenatal genetic therapeutic interventions have for the most part been overlooked. In this work I do two things. First, I present the three necessary conditions that Habermas establishes for a prenatal genetic manipulation to be regarded as morally permissible. Second, I examine if mitochondrial replacement techniques meet these necessary conditions. I investigate, specifically, the moral permissibility of employing pronuclear transfer and maternal spindle transfer. I conclude that, according to a Habermasian perspective on prenatal genetic manipulation, maternal spindle transfer (without using a preselected sperm and egg) and pronuclear transfer are morally impermissible. Maternal spindle transfer is, in principle, morally permissible, but only when we have beforehand preselected a sperm and an egg for our reproductive purpose. These findings are relevant for bioconservatives, both for those who hold a Habermasian stance and for those who hold something akin to a Habermasian stance, because they answer the question: what should bioconservatives do regarding mitochondrial replacement techniques? In fact, the answer to this question does not only normatively prescribe what bioconservatives should do in terms of their personal morality, but it also points towards what kind of legislation regulating mitochondrial replacement techniques they should aim at.

En las últimas décadas la globalización y las políticas neoliberales han influenciado considerablemente la forma como se administran las ciudades en el mundo; Medellín-Colombia no ha sido ajena a este fenómeno. En la actualidad, los gobernantes y sus instituciones han incorporado nuevos lenguajes, discursos y prácticas del Marketing con la intención de acceder a nuevos mercados, capital o inversión. Los planteamientos y las estrategias del Marketing han establecido nuevas prácticas discursivas que nutren la orientación de las ciudades, los programas, las líneas estratégicas de intervención, que se convierten en los instrumentos para legitimar la transformación de la ciudad. Pero ¿Cuáles son las prácticas discursivas asociadas al Marketing de la ciudad que han permitido legitimar estos cambios? Para responder a esta pregunta, la presente investigación aborda el mercadeo de la ciudad a través de un análisis del discurso gubernamental desde tres dimensiones: el discurso como práctica social, el discurso como práctica discursiva y el discurso como texto. ; Abstract: In recent decades globalization and neoliberal policies have significantly influenced the way cities are managed in the world; Medellin-Colombia has not been immune to this phenomenon. Currently, the rulers and their institutions have incorporated new languages, discourses and practices of Marketing intending to enter new markets, capital or investment. Approaches and Marketing strategies have established new discursive practices that nourish the guidance of cities, programs, strategic lines of intervention, which become instruments to legitimize the transformation of the city. But what are the discursive practices associated with the Marketing of the city that have allowed legitimize these changes? To answer this question, this research addresses the marketing of the city through a government discourse analysis from three dimensions: discourse as social practice, discourse as discursive practice and discourse as text ; Maestría

The United Kingdom is the first and so far only country to pass explicit legislation allowing for the licensed use of the new reproductive technology known as mitochondrial replacement therapy. The techniques used in this technology may prevent the transmission of mitochondrial DNA diseases, but they are controversial because they involve the manipulation of oocytes or embryos and the transfer of genetic material. Some commentators have even suggested that MRT constitutes germline genome modification. All eyes were on the United Kingdom as the most likely location for the first MRT birth, so it was a shock when, on September 27, 2016, an announcement went out that the first baby to result from use of the intervention had already been born. In New York City, United States-based scientist John Zhang used maternal spindle transfer (one of the recognized MRT methods) to generate five embryos for a woman carrying oocytes with deleterious mutations of the mitochondrial DNA. Zhang then shipped the only euploid embryo to Mexico, where it was transferred to the mother's uterus. Zhang's team's travel across international borders to carry out experimental procedures represents a form of scientific tourism that has not been properly ethically explored; it can, however, have seriously detrimental effects for developing countries.