Suchergebnisse

Jusqu'à sa mort, en novembre 1975, le Général Franco fut, tel que le proclamaient ses pièces de monnaie, le « Caudillo d'Espagne par la grâce de Dieu » et, selon ses apologistes, il était responsable uniquement devant Dieu et l'Histoire. Bien que durant les dernières années de sa vie, sa participation directe dans les décisions politiques courantes fut assez réduite, il est pourtant certain qu'aucune décision importante ne pouvait être prise sans son consentement. Jusqu'au tout dernier moment, il conserva, grâce à la dénommée « Constitution franquiste », le pouvoir de nommer et de destituer les ministres, pouvoir qu'il utilisa toujours à sa guise. De telles prémisses conduisent à considérer logique l'utilisation du sport au service d'une idée politique. On assista alors à une tentative de mise sur pied du modèle de l'Allemagne nazie, mais il fallait tenir compte du fait que Franco n'avait jamais été disposé à construire un état totalitaire ayant un seul et unique parti, à l'image du modèle italien ou allemand. Après l'échec des puissances de l'Axe, Franco vit très clairement la nécessité d'abandonner le côté fasciste de son régime. Et, en ce qui concerne tout particulièrement le sport, Franco ne fut jamais disposé à dépenser la moindre somme d'argent dans ce domaine, comme l'avaient pourtant fait Hitler ou Mussolini.

The word "violence" has a negative aura that suggests aggression, anger, intimidation, rudeness, brutality. By contrast the idea of the "aesthetic" means for many people beauty, artistic activity. Violence and aesthetics can be seen as a contradiction. However, both terms can perfectly relate to the sport. Violence appears constantly linked to physical activity, certainly as a problem but also as an integral part. No one dares to deny the beauty, the aesthetics of sport. The question is, can they be both at once? And if so, in what context?. This text will try to establish which is the aim pursued by the aesthetics of violence and what idea is intended to communicate. Ultimately we will try to interpret its language. Obviously this is a language addressed to our unconscious, so that it becomes necessary to determine its key features, since indeed the image of strength, of sports violence has been used again and again by political regimes of all kinds, democratic or totalitarian, to send a message according to their ideology. This fact leads us to another paradox. The message intended to convey is not the privilege of an ideology. From one end to another of the political spectrum the image of sports is used to convey completely different values. We will try to understand what message is wanted to convey with that "official" image projected by sport in its major events and utopian models, focusing specially in a paradigmatic case, Nazism.

The present paper shows de design of an experimental study conducted with large groups using educational innovation methodologies at the Polytechnic University of Madrid. Concretely, we have chosen the course titled "History and Politics of Sports" that belongs to the Physical Activity and Sport Science Degree. The selection of this course is because the syllabus is basically theoretical and there are four large groups of freshmen students who do not have previous experiences in a teaching-learning process based on educational innovation. It is hope that the results of this research can be extrapolated to other courses with similar characteristics.