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Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Foreword by Joseph Ferguson -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part 1: Making the Case for Transparency in Government -- Chapter 1: What Transparency Is and Why It Matters -- Chapter 2: A History of Transparency in American Politics -- Chapter 3: How Transparency Arouses Civic Engagement -- Part 2: Measuring Transparency in Government -- Chapter 4: An Analysis of Best Practices in Measuring Transparency -- Chapter 5: Critical Factors in Measuring Transparency -- Chapter 6: The Transparency Index -- Notes -- Index -- Back Cover.

The informational load of highway guide signs was measured in laboratory experimentation by having subjects view projected highway signs and choose the highway lanes leading to preassigned destinations. The informational load was measured in terms of response times and errors. Subjects were able to very quickly select the proper lane when they viewed common freeway signs and fictitious signs with as many as eight possible destinations. The inclusion on the sign display of unfamiliar destinations and nonguidance information did not appreciably slow subjects' responses. When the destination was not on the sign, subjects had to make navigational decisions, relating sign information to what they knew about the routes. The associated response times were significantly longer than when scanning alone was required. The findings are interpreted in terms of their implications for the design of highway signs.

A technique for isolating the operator's visual input is presented. The method involves decreasing the visual field so that the essential information is obtained by the operator in separate visual fixations. A continuous film record is made to indicate the center of visual aim and the content of each fixation. Using this aperture device, visual positional data were obtained on ten drivers on a two-lane low traffic density road. The essential information was found to be the road edges and center lane marker. The manner in which this information was obtained differed from driver to driver. The film records refute the notion that the driver has a fixed point of forward reference, or that a common pattern of viewing is shared by all drivers. The hypothesis is presented that the persistent pattern of fixation movements forward to the limits of the road, and back again to the vehicle are explained by the contradictory requirements of perceptual anticipation and vehicular alignment with the road.