Suchergebnisse

"Title Page" -- "Copyright" -- "Contents" -- "Dedication" -- "Acknowledgments" -- "Foreword" -- "Introduction" -- "Chapter 1: The First Nuremberg" -- "Chapter 2: Broken Treaties, Broken Laws" -- "Chapter 3: Crimes Against Peace" -- "Chapter 4: War Crimes" -- "Chapter 5: Crimes Against Human Rights" -- "Conclusion: American Nuremberg" -- "Bibliography" -- "Endnotes

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 reopened what many Americans had assumed was a settled ethical question: is torture ever morally permissible? Rebecca Gordon argues that institutionalised state torture remains as wrong today as it was before those terrible attacks, and shows how U.S. practices during the 'war on terror' are rooted in a history that includes support for torture regimes abroad and for the use of torture in the jails and prisons of America

Many have argued that supporting women's leadership is an important pathway to women's empowerment. However, there is still a need for better understanding of how women become leaders, particularly at the grassroots level, and how they support social change. This article explores women's leadership as part of a grassroots microfinance organisation, Rojiroti. Through interviews and focus group discussions, it finds that Rojiroti's women leaders were motivated to become leaders to create better opportunities for their families and communities, and that they lead in line with frameworks of transformative leadership by supporting relationship building, by facilitating and guiding knowledge transfer and by providing space for reflection and skills for action (Wakefield, 2017). In particular, their situated knowledge was essential for inspiring shared vision for challenging unequal power relations. Overall, better understanding their leadership, that particularly nurtures relationships and collaboration, due to their position as being from the social groups they sought to support, is critical to the current challenges facing interventions and activism that seek to promote women's empowerment and contribute to social change.

In the past, animals and their products were prominent features of urban life. How people utilised these animals as well as their relationships has continually changed. For example, cats, dogs, pigs and other animals lived in close proximity to people in post-medieval urban centres and were viewed in terms of their functional affordances. Cats were kept to deter rodents and exploited for their fur, dogs were protectors of the home and pigs were not only food, but helped to reduce the amount of rubbish where they were kept. However, perceptions and treatment of urban animals were far from static. The emergent animal welfare movement and legislation heralded a change in the species and numbers of animals present in the urban environment and altered human-animal relationships. Now people are detached from 'livestock' (e.g. pigs), but have developed closer bonds with companion animals (e.g. cats, dogs, etc.). In this article I will draw upon zooarchaeological and historical evidence in an attempt to show the timing of this transition and highlight some key factors in the accompanying shift in human-animal relationships, while focusing more specifically on pet-keeping in a city context.

Aims To describe the extent to which the content of the European Commission's Communication on alcohol reflects public health-based scientific evidence. Design Document retrieval and content analysis. Setting European Union. Participants Background documents leading up to the European Commission's Communication on alcohol, the Communication itself and implementation actions following the Communication. Measurements Documents were read and analyzed for evidence-based alcohol policy content. Findings Although the Communication acknowledges and supports existing interventions which have high evidence for effectiveness, such as enforcing blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for drivers, it extensively promotes other interventions which have been shown to be ineffective; for example, recommending education and persuasion strategies as a measure across all its five priority areas. Measures to influence price are mentioned only once in relation to sales in drinking venues limiting two-for-one drinks offers. Measures to control physical availability are mentioned infrequently. Conclusions The Communication reflects the science, in that it acknowledges the significance of alcohol as a social and health determinant in Europe. However, it places more emphasis on policy actions with less evidence for effectiveness than on those with strong evidence. It also focuses its efforts more on mapping member state actions and coordinating knowledge exchange than on providing concrete recommendations for action or developing Europe-wide policy measures. This may be a compromise between the rights of Member States to develop national policy and legislation and the obligation of the European Union as a collaborative body to protect health. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the European Union's roots as a trading block emphasizes collaboration with industry stakeholders and this influences the ability to prioritize health over trade considerations.