This report provides an analysis of the progress of the European Union, its Member States as well as Iceland, Norway and United Kingdom in reducing greenhouse gas emissions under the Effort Sharing legislation between 2005 and 2030. The Effort Sharing legislation covers greenhouse gas emissions in transport, buildings, agriculture, waste and small industry that are not included in the EU emission trading system. The report also discusses the sectoral development of greenhouse gas emissions. It attempts to identify the main quantified policies and measures driving emission reductions at national level with a specific focus on mitigation effects of planned policies and measures.
This report provides an analysis of past, present and future emission trends under the European Union (EU) Emissions Trading System (ETS). It also analyses the balance between supply and demand of allowances in the market. The report is based on the data and information available from the European Commission and Member States as of June 2019. Data on verified emissions and compliance by operators under the EU ETS for the years up until 2018 are based on an extract of the EU Transaction Log from 1st July 2019. Information from EU Member States, Iceland and Norway is based on their projections of EU ETS emissions until 2030, as reported in 2019 under the EU Monitoring Mechanism Regulation. Main findings In 2018, the total number of allowances in circulation was the same as in 2017. If the net demand for allowances from aviation would also be taken into account then the number of allowances available to operators was lower in 2018 compared to the previous year. Power generation continues to drive emission reductions in the EU ETS. Emission trends for industrial installations have been more variable, reflecting the economic developments observed in Europe over the last three trading periods. Aviation emissions continue to grow year on year. Member States project that, with the current measures in place, their EU ETS emissions will continue to decrease, albeit at a slower rate than historically. The overall projected reduction is not yet in line with EU objectives for emission reductions by 2030.
Die Studie analysiert die nationalen Berichterstattungspflichten unter der Klimarahmenkonvention (UNFCCC) sowie inhaltlich parallele nationale Berichtspflichten unter der EU Governance-VO, um daraus Schlussfolgerungen für mögliche nationale institutionelle Vereinbarungen zu einem "Nationalen System Klimaberichterstattung" zu ziehen. Hintergrund ist die Idee, analog zum etablierten "Nationalen System Emissionsberichterstattung" auch über die Treibhausgasinventare hinausgehende Klima-Berichterstattungspflichten in Deutschland institutionell zu verankern. Für die Adressierung stehen im Wesentlichen zwei institutionelle Optionen im Raum, die in der Studie erörtert werden: Niedrigschwellig eine informelle Abstimmung zwischen den jeweils beteiligten Ressorts entlang der Strukturen der Emissionsberichterstattung oder formalisierter z. B. im Rahmen einer Staatssekretärsvereinbarung oder über eine Verankerung im gesetzlichen Regelwerk.
Air transport is a sector with particularly dynamic emissions growth. The European Union has led the way in climate protection and included aviation in the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in 2012. To support the international process for a global market-based measure to limit international aviation emissions under the umbrella of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), the scope of emissions trading has been reduced. Instead of covering all flights taking off or landing in the territory of the European Economic Area (EEA) as originally planned, only intra-EEA flights will be covered by emissions trading until 2023. The aim of the project is to explore the interactions between the two market-based measures tackling aviation emissions: the EU ETS and the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). Therefore, several options are explored how the two schemes can be combined. While in principle both schemes monitor emissions, MRV rules differ both on procedural level as well as in the details. The MRV cycles are presented and differences especially in regard to emission factors for alternative fuels are assessed. As the EU ETS currently covers only intra-EEA flights, the role of non-EEA operators on those routes is assessed. A quantification of the extent to which the two market-based measures, the EU ETS and CORSIA, can be expected to contribute to the EU 2030 aviation emissions target is included in the study as well as ways to promote transition through an aviation innovation fund.
Die flexiblen projekt-basierten Kyoto-Mechanismen JI (Joint Implementation) und CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) können die internationale Verbreitung klimafreundlicher Techniken wesentlich unterstützen - und Klimaschutz dadurch erheblich günstiger machen. Diese Studie aus dem Jahr 2007 zeigt, dass der Markt für CDM-und JI-Projekte voraussichtlich stark wachsen wird.
This section forms a summary of this report, "Long-term prospects of CDM and JI". The report is based on a research project carried out by the Öko-Institut and ZEW for the Federal Environmental Agency in Germany. The project's aim is the evaluation of the medium- and long-term potential of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI). Furthermore, cost reduction effects brought about by the use of flexible mechanisms, associated barriers and risks as well as framework conditions and instruments to foster the use of flexible mechanisms are analysed.
