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In considering the historical treatment of Aboriginal Australians this paper will discuss the different spaces operating in Western Australia's South West in the late 1920s and the government policies that fed into them. These are the Moore River Native Settlement that is located some 100 km north of Perth and White City, a carnival sideshow located at the bottom of William Street on the banks of the Swan River in Perth. The 1905 Aborigines Act and a provision within that act known as the Proclamation of the Prohibited Area of Perth will be discussed. This will be done by comparing the ways that White City was seen by the government in the 1920s and how in recent years Northbridge has been regulated and discursively constructed. The intent is to look at how Aboriginal people have been treated over time and consider the social, historical and political forces that have shaped that construction.

For many non-Indigenous Australians the only time they have any engagement with Indigenous peoples, history or issues is through watching sport on television or being at a football match at the MCG. This general myopia and indifference by settler Australians with Indigenous Australians manifests itself in many ways but perhaps most obscenely in the simple fact that Indigenous Australians die nearly 20 years younger than the rest of Australias citizens. Many non-Indigenous Australians do not know this. Sport in many ways has offered Indigenous Australians a platform from which to begin the slow, hard process for social justice and equity to be actualised. This paper will discuss the participation of Indigenous Australians in sport and show how sport has enabled Indigenous Australians to create a space so that they can speak out against the injustices they have experienced and to further improve on relations going into the future. The central contention is that through sport all Australians can begin a process of engaging with Indigenous history as a means to improve race relations between the two groups.

AbstractThis paper outlines the ways in which information technologies (ITs) were used in the Haiti relief effort, especially with respect to web‐based mapping services. Although there were numerous ways in which this took place, this paper focuses on four in particular: CrisisCamp Haiti, OpenStreetMap, Ushahidi, and GeoCommons. This analysis demonstrates that ITs were a key means through which individuals could make a tangible difference in the work of relief and aid agencies without actually being physically present in Haiti. While not without problems, this effort nevertheless represents a remarkable example of the power and crowdsourced online mapping and the potential for new avenues of interaction between physically distant places that vary tremendously.

The events of 11 September 2001 brought an increased focus on security in the United States and specifically the protection of critical infrastructure. Critical infrastructure encompasses a wide array of physical assets such as the electric power grid, telecommunications, oil and gas pipelines, transportation networks and computer data networks. This paper will focus on computer data networks and the spatial implications of their susceptibility to targeted attacks. Utilising a database of national data carriers, simulations will be run to determine the repercussions of targeted attacks and what the relative merits of different methods of identifying critical nodes are. This analysis will include comparison of current methods employed in vulnerability analysis with spatially constructed methods incorporating regional and distance variables. In addition to vulnerability analysis a method will be proposed to analyse the fusion of physical and logical networks, and will discuss what new avenues this approach reveals. The analysis concludes that spatial information networks are vulnerable to targeted attacks and algorithms based on distance metrics do a better job of identifying critical nodes than classic accessibility indexes. The results of the analysis are placed in the context of public policy posing the question do private infrastructure owners have sufficient incentives to remedy vulnerabilities in critical networks.

Diversity and equality are key issues confronting sport. This article draws on findings from qualitative research carried out in Australia to critically examine how diversity is understood and valued in community sport. The findings suggest that there is a discrepancy between the policy objectives of government and sport organizations and the way in which diversity is understood and responded to in practice. Diversity management is not being adopted widely among local sports clubs. The idea of a moral imperative to cater to people with diverse backgrounds and abilities is largely absent; rather, the dominant discourse is underpinned by a business rationale which interprets diversity in terms of benefits and costs to the organization. This business-driven approach is often detrimental to the social policy objective of ensuring equitable outcomes in sport. A fundamental reconsideration of the rationale and practice of managing diversity in sport is therefore necessary.

This study employs a spatial analysis to critically examine gender relations within an Australian football and netball community sports club that has sought to address gender inequity and promote the participation of women across the club. Notable changes included increased female representation in the club's decision-making structures, growing numbers of female members, and the establishment of a women's and girls' football section. Using an in-depth case study that combined interviews and observations over a 6-month period, we investigated the impact these changes have had on transforming gender relations and in challenging perceptions of the club as a privileged space for its male members. The study utilized spatial and feminist theory to illustrate that, despite the club's efforts to change gender relations, men who are able to embody dominant forms of masculinity (i.e., high ability and able-bodied) continue to be privileged within the club environment. The article highlights the importance of spatial analysis in illuminating the ways in which various micro-level practices preserve dominant gender relations within community sports. The findings reinforce that although a greater number of women and girls are participating in community sport, this alone is not significantly reshaping gender relations. Policies seeking to promote gender equity in sport need to enforce changes in club environments in addition to focusing on increasing women's participation.

Diversity is a key term used in a range of public and private organizations to describe institutional goals, values and practices. Sport is a prominent social institution where the language of diversity is frequently and positively used; yet, this rhetoric does not necessarily translate into actual practice within sport organizations. This paper critically examines diversity work in community sports clubs. Drawing upon qualitative research at 31 amateur sports clubs in Australia, the findings show that diversity work in community sport organizations is often haphazard and accidental, rather than a strategic response or adaptation to policy. This paper concludes that while individual champions are critical to the promotion of diversity, persistent tensions and resistance arise when they seek to translate the language of diversity into institutional practice and culture change.

Many networks such as the Internet have been found to possess scale-free and small-world network properties reflected by so-called power law distributions. Scale-free properties evolve in large complex networks through self-organizing processes and more specifically, preferential attachment. New nodes in a network tend to attach themselves to other vertices that are already well-connected. Because traffic is routed mainly through a few highly connected and concentrated vertices, the diameter of the network is small in comparison to other network structures, and movement through the network is therefore efficient. At the same time, this efficiency feature puts scale-free networks at risk for becoming disconnected or significantly disrupted when super-connected nodes are removed either unintentionally or through a targeted attack or external force. The present paper will examine and compare properties of telecommunications networks for both the United States and Europe. Both types of networks will be examined in terms of their network topology and specifically whether or not they are scale-free networks to be further explored by identifying and plotting power law distributions. Next, economic, political and cultural factors may be used to explain differences in network structures between the United States and Europe. In addition, the paper will identify data and modeling tools that are needed to facilitate further cross-Atlantic comparative studies of communications networks.

ABSTRACT Background: Early discontinuation of antimicrobial therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia can reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the occurrence of adverse drug events, and the cost of therapy. Evidence suggests that discontinuation of therapy by day 3 may be appropriate for patients with a clinical pulmonary infection score of 6 or less at baseline and on day 3.Objectives: To determine the proportion of patients eligible for antimicrobial discontinuation on day 3 and day 7 of therapy and to determine the proportion of eligible patients for whom antimicrobials were discontinued within these timeframes.Methods: A 6-month observational study was conducted from October 3, 2005, to March 31, 2006, in a 27-bed medical–surgical tertiary care intensive care unit. Clinical pharmacists attended daily rounds and prospectively identified patients for inclusion in the study. A study pharmacist retrospectively calculated clinical pulmonary infection scores. Other data were obtained from the quality-improvement database and patient health records for the intensive care unit.Results: Ninety-two patients were treated for ventilator-associated pneumonia during the study period, of whom 49 were included in the analysis. At day 3, 17 (35%) of the 49 patients were eligible for early discontinuation of antimicrobial therapy, but therapy was discontinued for only 2 (12%) of these 17 patients. At day 7, 10 (32%) of 31 patients were eligible for antimicrobial discontinuation, but therapy was discontinued for only 1 (10%) of these 10 patients.Conclusions: A significant opportunity exists at the authors' institution to develop and implement an antimicrobial discontinuation policy that uses the clinical pulmonary infection score to guide antimicrobial use for patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.RÉSUMÉ Contexte : L'arrêt précoce de l'antibiothérapie dans les cas de pneumonie sous ventilation assistée pourrait réduire l'apparition de résistance antimocrobienne, la survenue d'événements indésirables liés aux médicaments et le coût du traitement. Des données suggèrent que l'arrêt du traitement au jour 3 pourrait être approprié chez les patients présentant un score d'infection pulmonaire clinique de 6 ou moins au début et au 3e jour du traitement.Objectifs : Déterminer la proportion de patients admissibles à l'arrêt de l'antibiothérapie, aux jours 3 et 7 du traitement, et la proportion de ces patients dont l'antibiothérapie a été effectivement interrompue à ces dates.Méthodes : Une étude d'observation de six mois a été menée du 3 octobre 2005 au 31 mars 2006, dans une unité de soins intensifs médico-chirurgicale de 27 lits d'un hôpital de soins tertiaires. Des pharmaciens cliniciens participaient aux tournées quotidiennes et ont répertorié de façon prospective les patients admissibles à l'étude. Un pharmacien investigateur a calculé de façon rétrospective les scores d'infection pulmonaire clinique. D'autres données ont aussi été collectées de la base de données sur l'amélioration de la qualité et des dossiers médicaux des patients de l'unité de soins intensifs.Résultats : En tout, 92 patients ont reçu une antibiothérapie pour une pneumonie sous ventilation assistée au cours de la période de l'étude, et 49 d'entre eux ont été retenus aux fins d'analyse. Au jour 3, 17 (35 %) des 49 patients étaient admissibles à un arrêt précoce de l'antibiothérapie, mais on a procédé à l'arrêt de l'antibiothérapie chez seulement 2 (12 %) de ces 17 patients. Au jour 7, 10 patients (32 %) sur 31 étaient admissibles à l'arrêt de l'antibiothérapie, mais on a interrompu l'antibiothérapie chez seulement 1 (10 %) de ces 10 patients.Conclusions : L'établissement des auteurs se prêterait particulièrement bien à l'élaboration et la mise en place d'une politique d'arrêt de l'antibiothérapie, qui se fonderait sur les scores d'infection pulmonaire clinique dans les cas de pneumonie sous ventilation assistée.