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Introduction /Govender, K. and Poku, N.K. --Section 1 --Epidemiology Of HIV Among Adolescents And Young People In Eastern And Southern Region /Govender, K., Poku, N.K. and Armstrong, R. --Conceptual pathways to HIV risk in Eastern and Southern Africa: An integrative perspective on the development of young people in contexts of social-structural vulnerability /Cowden, R.G., Tucker, L. and Govender, K. --Global And Initiatives To Prevent HIV Among Adolescents And Youth: Fulfilling The Promise In Eastern And Southern Region /Gabelnick, T., Igweta, R. and Ombija, M. --The All In Assessments: Leveraging Data To Achieve Results For Adolescents In Southern And Eastern Africa /Armstrong, A., Bains., A. Pinto, R., Porth, T. and Idele, P --Three Billboards to support legal ethical Legal Adolescent HIV prevention Research in East and Southern Africa /Strode, A.E. and Slack, C.M. --Protecting The Vulnerable: Human and Health Security Beyond Citizenship /Šehović, A.B. --Section 2 --Addressing Structural Drivers of HIV Among Young in Eastern and Southern Africa: Evidence, Challenges and Recommendations for Advancing The Field /Gafos, M., Beattie, T., Stoebenau K., Baron, D., Weiner, R., Wamoyi. J., Letsela L., Hargreaves, J., Mshana, G., Kapiga, S., Stangl, A., Remme, M., Heise, L. and Seeley, J. --Young Key Populations In Southern Africa: An Analysis of The Social determinants of HIV Risk and Barrier to SRH services /Freedman, J., Crankshaw, T., Aantjes, C., Armstrong, . R and Poku. N.K. --Are Adolescents Boys and Young Men Being Left Behind? Missing Discourse and Missed Opportunities for Engagement in HIV Prevention in East and Southern Africa /Mantell, J.E., Hoffman, S., Low, A., Kelvin. E.A., Phillip Kreniske --Things Less Spoken: HIV research with Adolescent boys and young men -- Implications for theory, policy and practice /Gittings, L., Hodes, R., Colvin, C. and Zungu, N. --Closing the gap in programming for adolescents living with HIV in Eastern and Southern Africa : The Role of Social Protection in Positive Prevention /Zungu, N., Toska, E., Gittings, L and Hodes, R. --Progress and Challenges with Comprehensive Sexuality Education: What does this mean for HIV prevention research in ESA /Machawira, P., Castle, C. and Herat, J. --Using school-based early warning systems as a social and behavioral approach for HIV prevention among adolescent girls: A case study from Uganda /DeSoto, J., Belsan, A., Wamala, R., Ochaya, V., Laura Lulua, R., Ekpo, G., Cherian, D., Benson, S. --Conclusion /Govender, K. and Poku, N.K.

"This book provides an overview of the current epidemiology of the HIV epidemic among young people in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) and examines the efforts to confront and reduce the high level of new HIV infections amongst young people. Taking a multi-dimensional approach to prevention, the contributors discuss the many challenges facing these efforts, in view of the slow progress in curbing the incidence of HIV amongst young people, focusing particularly on the structural and social drivers of HIV. Through an examination of these issues, chapters in this book provide valuable insights on how to mitigate HIV risk among young people and what can be regarded as the catalysts to mounting credible policy and programmatic responses required to achieve epidemic control in the region. The contributors draw on examples from a range of primary and secondary data sources to illustrate promising practices and challenges in HIV prevention, demonstrating links between conceptual approaches to prevention and lessons learnt from implementation projects in the region. Bringing together social scientists and public health experts who are actively engaged in finding effective solutions, the book discusses 'which interventions works', 'why they work', and the limitations and gaps in our knowledge to curb the pandemic amongst young people. As such it is an important read for researchers focusing on HIV/AIDS and public health"--

This book provides an overview of the current epidemiology of the HIV epidemic among young people in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) and examines the efforts to confront and reduce the high level of new HIV infections amongst young people. Taking a multi-dimensional approach to prevention, the contributors discuss the many challenges facing these efforts, in view of the slow progress in curbing the incidence of HIV amongst young people, focusing particularly on the structural and social drivers of HIV. Through an examination of these issues, chapters in this book provide valuable insights on how to mitigate HIV risk among young people and what can be regarded as the catalysts to mounting credible policy and programmatic responses required to achieve epidemic control in the region. The contributors draw on examples from a range of primary and secondary data sources to illustrate promising practices and challenges in HIV prevention, demonstrating links between conceptual approaches to prevention and lessons learnt from implementation projects in the region. Bringing together social scientists and public health experts who are actively engaged in finding effective solutions, the book discusses 'which interventions works', 'why they work', and the limitations and gaps in our knowledge to curb the pandemic amongst young people. As such it is an important read for researchers focusing on HIV/AIDS and public health.

IntroductionThis article explores the complex, dynamic and contextual frameworks within which men working in a mining community and their live‐in long‐term partners or spouses (termed "couples" in this study) respond to the introduction of HIV into their heterosexual relationships; the way in which partners adopt gendered positions in enabling them to make sense of their illness; how they negotiate their respective masculine and feminine roles in response to the need for HIV‐related lifestyle changes; as well as the gendered nature of partner support in relation to antiretroviral therapy (ARV) adherence.MethodsWe conducted an in‐depth qualitative study with a sample of 12 HIV‐positive seroconcordant heterosexual couples in a South African mining organization. Transcripts based on semi‐structured couple's interviews were analyzed using an inductive emergent thematic analytical method.ResultsThe findings present compelling evidence that the impact of HIV and AIDS is mitigated, in the main, by the nature of the dyadic relationship. Where power and agency were skewed in accordance with traditional gender scripts, the impact of HIV and AIDS was deleterious in terms of negotiating disclosure, meeting expectations of care and support, and promoting treatment adherence. As a corollary, the study also revealed that where the relational dynamic evidenced a more equitable distribution of power, the challenge of negotiating illness was embraced in a way that strengthened the couples' affiliation in profound ways, manifested not simply in a reduction in risk behaviours, but in both partner's courage to re‐visit sensitive issues related to managing their relationship in the context of a debilitating illness.ConclusionsGendered positioning (by self and others) was found to play a crucial role in the way couples experienced HIV and ARV treatment, and underscored the positive role of a couples‐counselling approach in the negotiation of the illness experience. However, as part of a broader social project, the findings highlight the need to address the shortcomings of a public health discourse on illness normalization that reifies and reinforces skewed gender relations. In essence, the findings make a compelling case for targeting couples as the primary unit of analysis and intervention in HIV and AIDS praxis, not only to enhance treatment and prevention outcomes, but to impact on and potentially transform the lived identity of such relationships, in AIDS‐affected communities. We recommend early intervention with couples in terms of couples HIV testing, risk‐reduction counselling and gender‐based interventions giving couples opportunities to revisit and challenge their prevailing gendered identities. We note, however, that these efforts will be undermined in the long term, if the structural drivers of HIV risk and vulnerability, contained within macro‐level social, economic and cultural practices, are not simultaneously addressed.

Adolescents are the only age group with growing AIDS-related morbidity and mortality in Eastern and Southern Africa, making HIV prevention research among this population an urgent priority. Structural deprivations are key drivers of adolescent HIV infection in this region. Biomedical interventions must be combined with behavioural and social interventions to alleviate the socio-structural determinants of HIV infection. There is growing evidence that social protection has the potential to reduce the risk of HIV infection among children and adolescents. This research combined expert consultations with a rigorous review of academic and policy literature on the effectiveness of social protection for HIV prevention among children and adolescents, including prevention for those already HIV-positive. The study had three goals: (i) assess the evidence on the effectiveness of social protection for HIV prevention, (ii) consider key challenges to implementing social protection programmes that promote HIV prevention, and (iii) identify critical research gaps in social protection and HIV prevention, in Eastern and Southern Africa. Causal pathways of inequality, poverty, gender and HIV risk require flexible and responsive social protection mechanisms. Results confirmed that HIV-inclusive child- and adolescent-sensitive social protection has the potential to interrupt risk pathways to HIV infection and foster resilience. In particular, empirical evidence (literature and expert feedback) detailed the effectiveness of combination social protection particularly cash/in-kind components combined with 'care' and 'capability' among children and adolescents. Social protection programmes should be dynamic and flexible, and take into account age, gender, HIV-related stigma, and context, including cultural norms, which offer opportunities to improve programmatic coverage, reach, and uptake. Effective HIV prevention also requires integrated social protection policies, developed through strong national government ownership and leadership. ...

Measuring key components of resilience is vital for understanding cross‐cultural dynamics among youth and the environment. The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM‐28) was developed as a cross‐cultural measure of resilience and has been used globally. To examine the cross‐cultural utility of the CYRM‐28, we conducted a systematic review of the literature reporting on the psychometric properties of the measure. Using data representing six countries (N = 6,232) that were supplied from authors of the studies reviewed, a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted to estimate the variability of the measurement properties among communities, ages, and sex. Results indicate that the literature generally did not include reliability and validity information for the instrument. From the multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, the measure was invariant between adolescent age‐groups and sexes but not across communities.