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A country's self-image combines visions of its past and its future. This is very much the case in Angola right now, with the main driving forces effectively the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) [People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola] and President José Eduardo dos Santos (JES) and his "small committee' of trusted advisors. In the wake of the country's latest elections on August 31 2012, a new national and international legitimacy has emerged surrounding the President's power and that of the MPLA, effectively expressed by the vote and a victory of around 70%. So far, a significant shift to Angola's political makeup has yet to be perceived or predicted, with it constituting the basis of the status quo since the end of the Angolan Civil War in 2002. Without a profound rupture or change to its political makeup, evolution through continuity will form the ongoing scenario in Angola, and we will have to wait two or three years in order to gauge whether or not JES and the MPLA have frustrated Angolans' expectations. ; El Presente se construye a partir del Pasado y de la proyección en el Futuro. Es precisamente lo que Angola está haciendo en este momento. En efecto, el principal motor es el MPLA y en gran medida el presidente José Eduardo dos Santos (JES) y su 'pequeño comité" de confianza. Desde las últimas elecciones del 31 de agosto 2012, existe una nueva legitimidad nacional y internacional del poder del presidente y del MPLA, claramente expresada a través del voto y una victoria de alrededor del 70 %. Por ahora, no se vislumbra ni se prevé ningún cambio significativo en la composición política que constituye, hasta ahora, la base del statu quo en Angola desde la paz instalada en 2002. Sin ruptura o alteración profunda en la composición política, presenciamos un caso de evolución en la continuidad y habrá que esperar 2 o 3 años para evaluar si JES y el MPLA han frustrado o no las expectativas de los angoleses. ; Le Présent se construit à partir du Passé et de la projection du Futur. C'est précisément cela qu'Angola fait à ce moment. Le moteur principale c'est effectivement le MPLA et en grande mesure le président José Eduardo dos Santos (JES) et son «petit comité» de confiance. D'après les dernières élections du 31 Aout 2012, il y a une nouvelle légitimité nationale du pouvoir du président et du MPLA, aussi envers l'extérieur, effectivement exprimé par le vote et une victoire d'environ 70%. Pour le moment on ne vérifie ni prévoit aucun changement significatif dans la composition politique que jusqu'ici se constitue comme la base du status quo d'Angola depuis la paix installé en 2002. Sans rupture ou altération profonde dans la composition politique, on est devant un scenario d'évolution dans la continuité et il faut attendre deux ou trois ans pour qu'on puisse voir si JES et le MPLA a ou non frustré les expectatives des angolais. ; O presente se constrói a partir do passado e da projeção do futuro. E exatamente isso que a Angola faz nesse momento. O motor principal é, seguramente, o MPLA e, em grande medida, o presidente José Eduardo dos Santos (JES) e seu 'pequeno comitê" de confiança. Desde as últimas eleições de 31 de agosto de 2012, existe uma nova legitimidade nacional e internacional em relação ao poder do presidente e àquele do MPLA, efetivamente expressa pelo voto e por uma vitória de cerca de 70%. Por ora, não se verifica e nem se prevê qualquer mudança significativa na composição política que se constitui, até então, como a base do status quo de Angola, desde a paz instalada em 2002. Sem ruptura ou alteração profunda na composição política, estamos diante de um cenário de evolução na continuidade e será necessário esperar dois ou três anos para que se possa verificar se JES e o MPLA frustraram ou não as expectativas dos angolanos. ; 现在是建立在过去çš"基础å'Œå¯¹æœªæ¥çš"设想之上ã€'安å"¥æ‹‰çš"ç›®å‰æƒ…况正是å¦'æ­¤ã€'安å"¥æ‹‰äººæ°'解æ"¾è¿åŠ¨ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯å…¶ä¸»å¸­è‹¥æ³½Â·çˆ±å¾·åŽå¤šÂ·å¤šæ–¯æ¡'托斯（JES）å'Œä»–çš"亲信'å°å§"å'˜ä¼š" 基于其过去çš"历å²ï¼Œä»–们掌控了安å"¥æ‹‰çš"现在å'Œæœªæ¥ã€'在2012å¹´8月31日最新çš"选举中，安å"¥æ‹‰äººæ°'解æ"¾è¿åŠ¨å'Œå½"选总统得到了新çš"æƒåŠ›å'Œåˆæ³•æ€§ï¼Œå¤§é€‰å'世界表明，å½"选者得到了70％选票ã€'现在看ä¸åˆ°ï¼Œé¢"计今åŽä¸€æ®µæ—¶æœŸä¹Ÿä¸ä¼šæœ‰ä»€ä¹ˆæ"¿å±€å˜åŠ¨ã€'到目å‰ä¸ºæ­¢ï¼Œå®‰å"¥æ‹‰ç»´æŒäº†2002年以æ¥çš"å'Œå¹³ã€'自2002以æ¥ï¼Œè¯¥å›½æ"¿æ²»æž"æˆæ²¡æœ‰å'ç"Ÿåˆ†è£'，也没有什么显è'—å˜åŠ¨ï¼Œå®ƒçš"å‰æ™¯æ˜¯è¿›åŒ–å'Œè¿žç»­æ€§ã€'现在人们需è¦ä¸¤ä¸‰å¹´ï¼Œç"¨æ¥è§'察多斯æ¡'托斯总统（JES）å'Œå®‰å"¥æ‹‰äººæ°'解æ"¾è¿åŠ¨ç©¶ç«Ÿä¼šä¸ä¼šè¾œè´Ÿå®‰å"¥æ‹‰äººä»¬çš"希望，让他们çš"人æ°'期待å—挫ã€'

The nature of conflict is changing. The occurrences of formal international intervention, in a complex theater of operations with operational requirements, necessitate the engagement of international forces with military and civilian capabilities, namely a distinctive type of police force. Since the end of the last century, the Portuguese Republican National Guard (GNR) has deployed to stabilize various conflicts throughout the world. The GNR contributed when UN resolutions mandated constabulary requirements, but this participation was never framed within a multinational force of NATO. However, the GNR works under the same NATO doctrine for force employment constituted on the basis of military units with police functions, called the Multinational Specialized Units. The Guard is a military organization with the expertise to contribute to peace. This unique competence stems from capabilities over the entire spectrum of police functions within unstable environments, including a unique ability to overcome the Security Gap. Likewise, by concurrently deploying with the military forces, the GNR demonstrates the ability to use force in a legal manner by fostering a comprehensive approach within the security and judiciary system. This holistic capacity goes beyond a purely institutional approach. By executing police functions in unstable environments the GNR contributes to the pursuit of credible Portuguese foreign policy interests in Peace-Enforcement Operations.

For the first time, in 2012, the Portuguese Government, through the National Program for the Promotion of Healthy Eating of the Directorate-General for Health, implemented a set of concerted measures for improving the dietary habits, nutritional status and health of the population. Prior to, and since 2007, several epidemiological, social and political circumstances converged, for later enabling the development of a national strategy throughout the decade 2010-2020. This was also supported by specific international guidelines, namely from the World Health Organization and the European Commission. The national strategy objectives have been: (a) To increase the knowledge about the population's food consumption, its determinants and consequences; (b) to modify the access to certain food items specially in schools, workplaces and public spaces; (c) To inform and empower individuals regarding shopping, preparation and storage of healthy foods, especially amongst those most vulnerable or with a lower income; (d) to identify and promote actions capable of encouraging a healthier diet through the integration of other societal sectors, namely agriculture, sports, environment, education, social security and local authorities; and (e) to better capacitate different professionals who, owing to their roles, may influence nutritional knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Several actions are described, including the creation of legislation to address these objectives. It is worth noting that one of the biggest challenges to this public policy has been the interventions within the environments where people live. By knowingly being central to food choice determinants, these environmental modifications were also where the stakeholders felt the greatest tensions and difficulties, but also where there are the greatest gains to be made. Solutions to overcome these problems and other perceived difficulties have been proposed here and are considered to be some of the main lessons and achievements throughout this process. (c) 2020 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel on behalf of NOVA National School of Public Health.

Este trabalho se propõe a discutir comparativamente as ações de alimentação e nutrição que remetem ao tema da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) no Brasil e em Portugal, tendo em vista que diversos países têm estabelecido diretrizes para a garantia da alimentação adequada. Ambas as nações vivenciam situações de reduzida taxa de fecundidade, aumento da expectativa de vida e prevalências elevadas de doenças e agravos não transmissíveis. No Brasil, 30,2% das famílias vivem em insegurança alimentar; em Portugal, mesmo sem contabilizar a insegurança, 18,0% de seus habitantes encontram-se em risco de pobreza. A Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição (PNAN) é o atual documento brasileiro que visa assegurar o acesso universal ao alimento. Portugal, devido à sua inserção na União Europeia, norteia-se pelo Segundo Plano de Ação Europeu para Política de Alimentação e Nutrição, da WHO, mas também pelo Plano Nacional de Saúde, atualizado periodicamente. Pautados pela intersetorialidade, os países apresentam ações relativas à SAN comuns, como aquelas relacionadas ao combate à obesidade, ao incentivo ao aleitamento materno, à prevenção de deficiências nutricionais e promoção de ações de educação alimentar em meio escolar, enquanto que, especificamente no Brasil, encontram-se estratégias relativas ao combate à desnutrição e, em Portugal, aquelas ligadas à indústria e à produção de alimentos seguros. Com relação à abordagem acerca da SAN, são verificadas distinções: a SAN é mais amplamente discutida pela política brasileira, enquanto que, em Portugal, o tema encontra-se implícito nas diversas ações de alimentação e nutrição.Palavras-chave: Política Pública de Saúde; Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional; Programas de Nutrição; Brasil; Portugal. ; This paper aims to compare food and nutrition actions related to foodsecurity (FS) in Brazil and Portugal, keeping in mind that several countries have established guidelines to guarantee adequate food. Both nations are experiencing a reduction in fertility rates, increased life expectancy, and a high prevalence of non-communicable diseases. In Brazil, 30.2% of households live in food insecurity; in Portugal, even without estimating food insecurity, 18.0% of its inhabitants are at risk for poverty. The National Food and Nutrition Policy is the current Brazilian document which seeks to ensure universal access to food. Portugal, due to its inclusion in the European Union, is guided by the Second WHO European Action Plan for Food and Nutrition Policy as well as by the Portuguese National Health Plan, which has been updated periodically. Guided by the intersectoral approach, these countries share actions related to FS, such as combating obesity, preventing nutritional deficiences and promoting nutrition education in schools, whereas, specifically in Brazil, some strategies also combat malnutrition and, in Portugal, are linked to industry and the production of safe food. With relation to FS, some distinctions were seen: FS is more widely discussed by Brazilian policies, while this subject is implied in several food and nutrition actions in Portugal.Keywords: Health Public Policy; Food Security; Nutrition Programs; Brazil; Portugal.

ObjectiveTo describe the implementation, main intervention areas and initial results of the Integrated Strategy for the Promotion of Healthy Eating (EIPAS) in Portugal.MethodsEIPAS was published as a Law, in December of 2017, as a result of a collaboration between several ministries, including the Finance, Internal Affairs, Education, Health, Economy, Agriculture, and Sea Ministries, aiming at improving the dietary habits of the Portuguese population. The working group, led by the Ministry of Health, developed this strategy for over a year. The framework produced was based on WHO and European Commission recommendations as well as on relevant data from the last Portuguese dietary intake survey (2015/2016). EIPAS also reflects the results of a public hearing, including the food industry, among others, and the experience gathered, since 2012, through the National Programme for the Promotion of Healthy Eating. It considers the health in all policies' challenge set by WHO and has four different strategic areas, namely (1) creation of healthier food environments, (2) improvement of the quality and accessibility of healthy food choices for consumers, (3) promotion and development of literacy, in order to encourage healthy food choices, and (4) promotion of innovation and entrepreneurship. In order to achieve these goals, a set of 51 actions was established and assigned to the seven ministries involved.ResultsUnder the scope of this strategy, Portugal has already implemented several actions, including (1) definition of standards for food availability at all public healthcare institutions; (2) implementation of a sugar tax on sweetened beverages; (3) implementation of a voluntary agreement with the food industry sector for food reformulation (work in progress); (4) design of a proposal for an interpretative model of front-of-pack food labelling; (5) improvement of the nutritional quality of food aid programmes for low-income groups; and (6) regulation of marketing of unhealthy foods to children.ConclusionsFor the first time, Portugal has a nutrition policy based on the WHO concept of health in all policies' and on the national data on food intake. The implementing process of all 51 actions and the inherent complexities and difficulties found so far have made this process be an authentic political and social laboratory that deserves to be followed.

Objective To model the reduction in premature deaths attributed to noncommunicable diseases if targets for reformulation of processed food agreed between the Portuguese health ministry and the food industry were met. Methods The 2015 co-regulation agreement sets voluntary targets for reducing sugar, salt and trans-fatty acids in a range of products by 2021. We obtained government data on dietary intake in 2015-2016 and on population structure and deaths from four major noncommunicable diseases over 1990-2016. We used the Preventable Risk Integrated ModEl tool to estimate the deaths averted if reformulation targets were met in full. We projected future trends in noncommunicable disease deaths using regression modelling and assessed whether Portugal was on track to reduce baseline premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases in the year 2010 by 25% by 2025, and by 30% before 2030. Findings If reformulation targets were met, we projected reductions in intake in 2015-2016 for salt from 7.6 g/day to 7.1 g/day; in total energy from 1911 kcal/day to 1897 kcal/day due to reduced sugar intake; and in total fat (% total energy) from 30.4% to 30.3% due to reduced trans-fat intake. This consumption profile would result in 248 fewer premature noncommunicable disease deaths (95% CI: 178 to 318) in 2016. We projected that full implementation of the industry agreement would reduce the risk of premature death from 11.0% in 2016 to 10.7% by 2021. Conclusion The co-regulation agreement could save lives and reduce the risk of premature death in Portugal. Nevertheless, the projected impact on mortality was insufficient to meet international targets.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation, main intervention areas and initial results of the Integrated Strategy for the Promotion of Healthy Eating (EIPAS) in Portugal. METHODS: EIPAS was published as a Law, in December of 2017, as a result of a collaboration between several ministries, including the Finance, Internal Affairs, Education, Health, Economy, Agriculture, and Sea Ministries, aiming at improving the dietary habits of the Portuguese population. The working group, led by the Ministry of Health, developed this strategy for over a year. The framework produced was based on WHO and European Commission recommendations as well as on relevant data from the last Portuguese dietary intake survey (2015/2016). EIPAS also reflects the results of a public hearing, including the food industry, among others, and the experience gathered, since 2012, through the National Programme for the Promotion of Healthy Eating. It considers the 'health in all policies' challenge set by WHO and has four different strategic areas, namely (1) creation of healthier food environments, (2) improvement of the quality and accessibility of healthy food choices for consumers, (3) promotion and development of literacy, in order to encourage healthy food choices, and (4) promotion of innovation and entrepreneurship. In order to achieve these goals, a set of 51 actions was established and assigned to the seven ministries involved. RESULTS: Under the scope of this strategy, Portugal has already implemented several actions, including (1) definition of standards for food availability at all public healthcare institutions; (2) implementation of a sugar tax on sweetened beverages; (3) implementation of a voluntary agreement with the food industry sector for food reformulation (work in progress); (4) design of a proposal for an interpretative model of front-of-pack food labelling; (5) improvement of the nutritional quality of food aid programmes for low-income groups; and (6) regulation of marketing of unhealthy foods to children. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, Portugal has a nutrition policy based on the WHO concept of 'health in all policies' and on the national data on food intake. The implementing process of all 51 actions and the inherent complexities and difficulties found so far have made this process be an authentic political and social laboratory that deserves to be followed. ; publishersversion ; published

Objective: To model the reduction in premature deaths attributed to noncommunicable diseases if targets for reformulation of processed food agreed between the Portuguese health ministry and the food industry were met. Methods: The 2015 co-regulation agreement sets voluntary targets for reducing sugar, salt and trans-fatty acids in a range of products by 2021. We obtained government data on dietary intake in 2015-2016 and on population structure and deaths from four major noncommunicable diseases over 1990-2016. We used the Preventable Risk Integrated ModEl tool to estimate the deaths averted if reformulation targets were met in full. We projected future trends in noncommunicable disease deaths using regression modelling and assessed whether Portugal was on track to reduce baseline premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases in the year 2010 by 25% by 2025, and by 30% before 2030. Findings: If reformulation targets were met, we projected reductions in intake in 2015-2016 for salt from 7.6 g/day to 7.1 g/day; in total energy from 1911 kcal/day to 1897 kcal/day due to reduced sugar intake; and in total fat (% total energy) from 30.4% to 30.3% due to reduced trans-fat intake. This consumption profile would result in 248 fewer premature noncommunicable disease deaths (95% CI: 178 to 318) in 2016. We projected that full implementation of the industry agreement would reduce the risk of premature death from 11.0% in 2016 to 10.7% by 2021. Conclusion: The co-regulation agreement could save lives and reduce the risk of premature death in Portugal. Nevertheless, the projected impact on mortality was insufficient to meet international targets.

© Copyright World Health Organization (WHO). Some rights reserved. ; Objective: To model the reduction in premature deaths attributed to noncommunicable diseases if targets for reformulation of processed food agreed between the Portuguese health ministry and the food industry were met. Methods: The 2015 co-regulation agreement sets voluntary targets for reducing sugar, salt and trans-fatty acids in a range of products by 2021. We obtained government data on dietary intake in 2015–2016 and on population structure and deaths from four major noncommunicable diseases over 1990–2016. We used the Preventable Risk Integrated ModEl tool to estimate the deaths averted if reformulation targets were met in full. We projected future trends in noncommunicable disease deaths using regression modelling and assessed whether Portugal was on track to reduce baseline premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases in the year 2010 by 25% by 2025, and by 30% before 2030. Findings: If reformulation targets were met, we projected reductions in intake in 2015–2016 for salt from 7.6 g/day to 7.1 g/day; in total energy from 1911 kcal/day to 1897 kcal/day due to reduced sugar intake; and in total fat (% total energy) from 30.4% to 30.3% due to reduced trans-fat intake. This consumption profile would result in 248 fewer premature noncommunicable disease deaths (95% CI: 178 to 318) in 2016. We projected that full implementation of the industry agreement would reduce the risk of premature death from 11.0% in 2016 to 10.7% by 2021. Conclusion: The co-regulation agreement could save lives and reduce the risk of premature death in Portugal. Nevertheless, the projected impact on mortality was insufficient to meet international targets. ; The WHO Regional Office for Europe and the Portuguese government funded this study. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion