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ETHICAL EVALUATION OF MARKETING ACTIONS ACCORDING TO THE CONSUMERS
In: Problems of management in the 21st century, Volume 8, Issue 1, p. 66-80
ISSN: 2538-712X
Ethics is one of significant and at the same time indispensable aspects of operations by contemporary organisations. It should constitute the benchmark for the direction of actions both inside the organisation and within its external relations. The evaluation of marketing actions, addressed first of all to consumers, should facilitate the resolution of decision-related problems as well as prevent their arising.
The research was aimed at recognising the respondents' opinion on the contemporary marketing practice towards the customer.
Based on the applied dependency method and primary data the respondents' opinion on the contemporary practice of marketing towards the customer is presented in the article. The research results confirm the thesis that the ethical behaviour is beneficial for companies since the consumers choose products offered by the companies being in compliance with the principles of ethics and values recognized by the purchaser.
One should remember that the ethical behaviour does not simply consist in avoidance of evil acts. The marketing specialist following the ethical code of conduct recognises that the position held by him/ her in the society also signifies certain commitments.
Key words: consumer attitude, ethics, marketing.
SIGNIFICANCE OF DATABASE MARKETING IN THE PROCESS OF TARGET SEGMENTS IDENTIFICATION AND SERVICE
In: Problems of management in the 21st century, Volume 6, Issue 1, p. 40-47
ISSN: 2538-712X
The study aims at presenting the position and role of marketing databases in the enterprise's market operations and achievement of sales targets.
The study identifies the following elements pertaining to the discussed issue: essence and parts of the database marketing, significance of the database marketing in the process of target segments service, database and customer relationship management as well as the problem of the customers' privacy in relation to their data being used and processed by market entities.
It should be emphasized that the informational systems constitute the basic elements supporting the process of sales management and service of the company's target segments.
It should be stressed that for the trade marketing the identification of a recipient type is
of significance, which is presented in this study with reference to the database marketing. The database may also contain the information on products, departments and sales force involved in
a specific marketing action.
With such database at their disposal the companies become mobile in terms of their offer adjustment to the market requirements, while by making the customer the central point of their focus, their marketing becomes an essential and effective tool of building their relationship with the customer.
The database development in order to identify the potential customers is a significant project of impact on the efficiency of marketing and the process of target market service, both for small and large enterprises.
Keywords: customer relationship management, database marketing, direct marketing, target market.
The protective nature of the institution of suspending a policeman in official duties
In: Przegla̜d policyjny: The police review, Volume 151, Issue 3, p. 270-281
ISSN: 2719-9614
The aim of the work is to verify the hypothesis that the institution of suspending a police officer from official duties is a very important element of administrative and legal protection of all Police officers in Poland. The service relationship under which a Police officer performs activities entrusted to him by the state is an administrative legal relationship. Performing official duties resulting from the content of the administrative and legal relationship between a police officer and the state is the duty of every officer. However, the Police Act provides for the institution of suspending a policeman from official duties, which makes it possible to prohibit a policeman from performing official duties for a specified period of time. The paper discusses two types of suspension in official duties, i.e. obligatory and optional suspension. Attention was also paid to the effects of suspension in official duties on the policeman's service relationship. The dual nature of the institution in question was emphasized. This institution serves to quickly deprive a policeman of the opportunity to perform his official duties until the criminal or disciplinary charges against him are clarified. First of all, however, it has a protective nature for the officer, as it allows him to remain in service despite such allegations being made against him
Przestpstwo czynnej napaci na funkcjonariusza publicznego
In: Przegla̜d policyjny: The police review, Volume 148, Issue 4, p. 16-27
ISSN: 2719-9614
Celem artykuu jest omwienie znamion przestpstwa czynnej napaci na funkcjonariusza publicznego, ktre zostao okrelone w art. 223 k.k. Przepis ten stanowi wyraz ochrony prawnokarnej funkcjonariuszy publicznych w Polsce rozumianej jako og przepisw prawnych okrelajcych sankcje karne oraz zasady ich stosowania wobec sprawcw czynw zabronionych pod grob tych sankcji, sucych ochronie funkcjonariuszy publicznych przed takimi czynami. Artyku 223 k.k. okrela czynn napa na funkcjonariusza publicznego w typie podstawowym (art. 223 1) oraz kwalifikowanym (art. 223 2). Na gruncie znamion omawianego przestpstwa istnieje wiele zagadnie budzcych wtpliwoci zarwno teoretykw, jak i praktykw prawa. Naley do nich zaliczy w szczeglnoci kwesti zakwalifikowania samochodu do kategorii przedmiotw podobnie niebezpiecznych jak bro palna lub n oraz zasadno ustalania stopnia niebezpieczestwa uytego przez sprawc rodka obezwadniajcego. W tekcie zwrcono rwnie uwag, e penalizacja czynnej napaci na funkcjonariusza publicznego nie wynika ze wzmoonej ochrony dbr funkcjonariuszy publicznych, ale z koniecznoci zapewnienia przez ustawodawc prawidowego funkcjonowania mechanizmw pastwa.
Fish predation on sympatric and allopatric prey—A case study of Ponto-Caspian gobies, European bullhead and amphipods
In: Limnologica: ecology and management of inland waters, Volume 61, p. 1-6
ISSN: 1873-5851
A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions
The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium-and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement. Decision support tools AS-ISK Hazard identification Non-native species Risk analysis Climate change
BASE
A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions
The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium- and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement
BASE
A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions
The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium- and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement.
BASE
A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions
The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium-and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a & lsquo;very high risk & rsquo; of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate & lsquo;rapid & rsquo; management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement.(c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
BASE
A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions
The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium- and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement.
BASE
A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions
The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium- and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement.
BASE
A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions
The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium- and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement.
BASE