Suchergebnisse

Intro -- PERSPECTIVES ON ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS (AAS) AND DOPING IN SPORT AND HEALTH -- PERSPECTIVES ON ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS (AAS) AND DOPING IN SPORT AND HEALTH -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ANABOLIC STEROIDS USED AS DOPING AGENTS IN SPORTS -- ABSTRACT -- BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- AAS AND SPORT -- LEGAL ASPECTS SURROUNDING AAS USE -- AAS AND TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION -- PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE -- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DOPING, SCIENCE AND SPORT -- PUBLIC ENQUIRIES INTO AAS ABUSE -- METHODS OF AAS ADMINISTRATION IN SPORT -- DRUG TESTING -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- TESTOSTERONE AND MOLECULAR REGULATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Testosterone Production in-vivo -- Peripheral Tissue Expression -- TESTOSTERONE AND SKELETAL MUSCLE -- DIRECT PATHWAY (TESTOSTERONE-AR COMPLEX) -- INDIRECT PATHWAYS -- Role of IGF-I and Its Downstream Pathways -- MAPK/JNK/Notch Signalling -- Wnt/β -Catenin Signalling -- Myostatin/TGF-. Signalling -- TESTOSTERONE AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATION -- EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS/CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROID (AAS) USE - PERSPECTIVES OF A GENERAL PRACTITIONER AND SPORTS PHYSICIAN -- ABSTRACT -- REFERENCES -- THE EFFECTS OF NON-THERAPEUTIC ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROID (AAS) USE ON CARDIAC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- FOREWORD -- ABSTRACT -- I. AAS IN BLOOD LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS -- II. AAS ON SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE -- III. EFFECTS OF AAS ON VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION -- IV. AAS ON HAEMOSTATIC SYSTEM -- IV. AAS ON MYOCARDIAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY -- REFERENCES -- HEALTH AND BEHAVIOURAL CONSEQUENCES OF ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROID (AAS) USE -- OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER -- INTRODUCTION -- POTENTIAL HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF AAS USE -- POTENTIAL PSYCHIATRIC CONSEQUENCES AF AAS USE -- AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE.

OBJECTIVES: National dietary guidelines were introduced in 1977 and 1983, by the US and UK governments, respectively, with the ambition of reducing coronary heart disease (CHD) by reducing fat intake. To date, no analysis of the evidence base for these recommendations has been undertaken. The present study examines the evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) available to the US and UK regulatory committees at their respective points of implementation. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken of RCTs, published prior to 1983, which examined the relationship between dietary fat, serum cholesterol and the development of CHD. RESULTS: 2467 males participated in six dietary trials: five secondary prevention studies and one including healthy participants. There were 370 deaths from all-cause mortality in the intervention and control groups. The risk ratio (RR) from meta-analysis was 0.996 (95% CI 0.865 to 1.147). There were 207 and 216 deaths from CHD in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The RR was 0.989 (95% CI 0.784 to 1.247). There were no differences in all-cause mortality and non-significant differences in CHD mortality, resulting from the dietary interventions. The reductions in mean serum cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the intervention groups; this did not result in significant differences in CHD or all-cause mortality. Government dietary fat recommendations were untested in any trial prior to being introduced. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary recommendations were introduced for 220 million US and 56 million UK citizens by 1983, in the absence of supporting evidence from RCTs.

This article was published in Openheart on 09 February 2015 (online), available open access at http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2014-000196 ; Objectives: National dietary guidelines were introduced in 1977 and 1983, by the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK) governments respectively, with the ambition of reducing coronary heart disease (CHD) by reducing fat intake. To date, no analysis of the evidence base for these recommendations has been undertaken. The present study examines the evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) available to the US and UK regulatory committees at their respective points of implementation. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken of RCTs, published prior to 1983, which examined the relationship between dietary fat, serum cholesterol and the development of CHD. Results: 2,467 males participated in 6 dietary trials: 5 secondary prevention studies and 1 including healthy subjects. There were 370 deaths from all-cause mortality in both the intervention and control groups. The risk ratio (RR) from meta-analysis was 0.996 (95% CI 0.865 to 1.147). There were 207 and 216 deaths from CHD in the intervention and control groups respectively. The RR was 0.989 (95% CI 0.784 to 1.247). There were no differences in all-cause mortality and non-significant differences in CHD mortality, resulting from the dietary interventions. Mean serum cholesterol levels decreased in both control and intervention groups. This did not result in any subsequent reductions in CHD deaths or all-cause mortality. Government dietary fat recommendations were untested in any trial prior to being introduced. Conclusions: Dietary recommendations were introduced for 220 million US and 56 million UK citizens by 1983, in the absence of supporting evidence from RCTs. ; N/A