Suchergebnisse

This article aims to present Queen Jadwiga' actual influence on nominations for episcopal sees during her reign (1384–1386) and joint rule with Władysław Jagiełło (1386–1399). Until now, except for Krzysztof Ożóg, researchers expressed only a marginal interest in the subject. The author cites relevant views contained in all major studies on Jadwiga's reign as well as analyses all available sources, mainly printed ones, both papal documents and chronicles, with special regard to the works of Jan Długosz. Using the induction method, the author analyses 22 nominations for episcopal sees. Contrary to the views expressed in the literature of the subject, Jadwiga did not influence all episcopal nominations she has been attributed with. Nonetheless, in some cases (e.g. Piotr Wysz from Kraków, Andrzej Jastrzębiec from Vilnius) we may argue that she exerted noticeable pressure; in other instances it was probably only more or less subtle. In all analysed nominations, whenever her role was clearly proved in sources, we may notice that Jadwiga was invariably cooperative in the common ecclesiastical policy which she pursued together with her husband. For example, both took advantage of the Holy Sees' vulnerability inthe era of the Occidental Schism, which allowed them to push their own candidates for episcopal seats. The present analysis revealed that with regard to the majority of most prestigious bishoprics in the Kingdom of Poland it was Jagiełło who had key influence on candidates for episcopal nominations, building his own political power base. At the same time, certain episcopal promotions, especially those in Ruthenia, Moldova and Mazovia, were reported inadequately and in few sources, hence Jadwiga's and Władysław's influence on the nominations of bishops can only be hypothetically determined. ; Autor, posługując się metodą indukcyjną, przeanalizował wszystkie 22 obsady na stolice biskupie. Wbrew opinii dotychczasowej literatury przedmiotu Jadwiga nie miała wpływu na wszystkie awanse biskupie, które dotychczas jej przypisywano. W przypadku awansu niektórych biskupów (np. krakowski Piotr Wysz, wileński Andrzej Jastrzębiec) można jednak stwierdzić, że jej nacisk był widoczny. W innych przypadkach był on prawdopodobnie tylko mniej lub bardziej subtelny. We wszystkich jednak badanych kazusach, gdy tylko rola Jadwigi została źródłowo wyraźnie poświadczona, to równocześnie można zauważyć, że współpracowała ona stale z mężem, prowadząc z nim solidarną politykę kościelną. Oboje wykorzystywali m.in. słabość papiestwa w dobie wielkiej schizmy zachodniej, co umożliwiło im forsowanie własnych kandydatów do katedr biskupich. Analiza wykazała, że w odniesieniu do większości najbardziej prestiżowych katedr biskupich w Królestwie Polskim to jednak król Jagiełło miał dominujący wpływ na nominację kandydatów do objęcia biskupstwa, dbając o tworzenie własnego zaplecza politycznego. Natomiast niektóre przypadki awansów biskupich, zwłaszcza dotyczące biskupstw ziemi ruskiej czy w lennach (Mołdawia, Mazowsze), nie zostały odpowiednio oświetlone przez nieliczne źródła, stąd wpływ Jadwigi i Jagiełły na obsadę biskupstw na tym terenie można określić tylko hipotetycznie.

The Council of Constance and its attitude towards the Polish-Lithuanian monarchy In the article the involvement of the delegation of the Kingdom of Poland in the work of the Council of Constance (1414–1418) was assessed. The analysis was carried out chiefly from the point of view of the key issues in the external policy of the Jagiellon monarchy; the analysis also focused on the reactions of the participants of the Council to the activities of the Polish delegation. Although the author agrees with the opinions that the Polish Kingdom did achieve an image success in Constance, yet he is of the opinion that the success played a secondary role as regards real-life events which took place in Central Europe; he also thinks that the success tends to be exagerated by Polish historiography. Apart from a narrow group of intellectuals, the contention between Poland and the Teutonic Order was of little interest to the Council participants, and hence he comes to the conclusion that military activities were a much more effective weapon in the defense of Polish-Lithuanian interests.Although without a doubt, Jagiello and Witold overestimated the significance of the Council in respect of solving the conflict with the Teutonic Order, yet they achieved a tangible success which consisted in a change of perception of their states as well as subjects by the contemporary European elites. Therefore, the author puts forward a hypothesis that the mission of the delegation of the Ja-giellon monarchy to the Council of Constance was one of those episodes in the history of Poland and Lithuania, which constitutes a permanent legacy of common historical identity.