The Contribution of Anthropology to Concepts Guiding LTSER Research
In: Long Term Socio-Ecological Research, S. 189-214
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In: Long Term Socio-Ecological Research, S. 189-214
In: American anthropologist: AA, Band 99, Heft 3, S. 644-644
ISSN: 1548-1433
In: American anthropologist: AA, Band 98, Heft 4, S. 916-917
ISSN: 1548-1433
In: American anthropologist: AA, Band 94, Heft 2, S. 428-440
ISSN: 1548-1433
In: Plains anthropologist, Band 28, Heft 102, S. 139-146
ISSN: 2052-546X
In: Society and natural resources, Band 19, Heft 2, S. 93-100
ISSN: 1521-0723
In: Frontiers in Human Dynamics, Band 6
ISSN: 2673-2726
IntroductionMuch has been written about herding, pastoralism and the ethos of the commons that persists in Soule and the valley republics of the western Pyrenees. However, more has been written about the idealized norms of the practice than the social dynamics of alliance formation on which cooperation in herding on the high mountain commons in Soule has depended for centuries. We use empirical evidence from the parish-commune of Larrau to analyze the emergence, social alliance, and landscape placement of Cayolar, a syndicate of herders associated with a named inholding within the high mountain commons, to inform our understanding of the process of settling down in the western Pyrenees.MethodsWe abstract the institutional features of herding in the Soule Valley then proceed with a (1) Bayesian analysis of calibrated radiocarbon dates from herding sites across the commons, (2) a Bayesian social network analysis of herders and other alliance-relevant information, and (3) a landscape analysis of the placement of Cayolar inholdings.ResultsA syndicate of herders organized as a Cayolar succeed by following mutually agreed upon rules, making credible commitments to each other, and monitoring members' conformance to the rules. The organizational performance of a Cayolar depends on the articulation of herders to the members of the Soule community of interest through nested levels of institutional decision-making. Archaeological, historical and ethnographic results provide direct evidence for use of Cayolar structures and inholdings by c. 1000 CE and the institutional and organizational aspects of decision-making by c. 1100 CE.DiscussionThe Cayolar is an enduring place-based organization with an average use-span of c. 850 years. Members have a regulatory interest in enforcing the collaboration of others in collective herding and little incentive to defect since unlike Hardin's herders, Cayolar members share a past and expect to share a future as members of the Soule community of interest. Íñigo Arista established the Basque kingdom of Navarra in 824 CE, and his donations contributed to the founding of the Benedictine monastery of Leyre that established a pastoral enterprise at Betzula within the Soule Valley. Other monastic orders soon turned their attention to the western Pyrenees responding to attempts by the Catholic Church to counter civil unrest in southern France. The real turning point for collective herding on the high mountain commons was the introduction of primordial fueros on the Iberian side of the Pyrenees. These direct royal agreements with freemen encouraged resettlement and repopulation of the western Pyrenees and provided the means for local communities of interest to coalesce and develop institutions to organize the collective effort of individuals for the benefit of a group.
In: Social science history: the official journal of the Social Science History Association, Band 31, Heft 3, S. 435-468
ISSN: 1527-8034
In: Society and natural resources, Band 19, Heft 2, S. 175-190
ISSN: 1521-0723