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Violence in genocidal proportions continues to plague many parts of the world, despite increasing global sensitivity to human rights issues and international intervention in societies experiencing severe forms of intergroup conflict. Any optimism regardin

Pleased with the progress of his son, Charles Graham; reports of John Hunter Graham are satisfactory, with the exception of his use of profanity; please let him know when his sons are to be examined so he can attend.

Sends his son, John Hunter Graham, to the Academy; discusses John's health and course of study; please allow John to room with the Irving boys at first. ; The date of death for John R. Bowes is uncertain.

Regarding the character and health of his son, John Hunter Graham, as well as his course of study; would like his son to share a room with William Irving.

The process of establishing norms is an important aspect of group dynamics. Most, if not all, of the major models of group development incorporate norming as an important part of the process. However, little is understood and agreed on regarding how norms develop. With the increased availability and power of technology to connect people at remote sites, the popularity of computer-mediated teamwork has increased dramatically. This new communication context brings with it some dramatic differences from the traditional face-to-face context, along with a need to understand how norms develop in this environment. This study investigates the norming process engaged in by 10 computer-mediated learning teams. The study describes how group norms evolve from a general to an operationalized state. Based on the findings of the research, a model describing the process of norm development in computer-mediated teams is presented. In addition, a model is presented to describe how individual perceptions of norm boundaries are modified as the group norms become more operationalized.

AbstractMarketers who want to protect their brand's share or grow it need to know who to reach and nudge with advertising. This paper uses continuous household panel data for 55 leading, advertised brands in 12 CPG categories to quantify their target market over different time frames and conditions (market type, brand size and dynamism). Results demonstrate that the customer base (brand penetration) must swell dramatically over time to maintain, let alone grow, market share. For stable brands, penetration typically doubles from its level in one quarter to a year, then again from 1 to 5 years as brands continue to attract lighter buyers who underpin long run sales. Over 5 years, over a third of brand buyers are so light that they buy the brand just once, but such buyers are vital to sales and critical to growth. As well as quantifying the 5‐year target audience for brands across these conditions, we test the predictive accuracy of the NBD‐Dirichlet as a benchmark. The implications for advertising and media strategy are detailed. The long‐term lessons for targeting become clear—unless brands "target the market", they have adopted a counter growth strategy.