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Employment in the Chinese industrial state enterprise sector is multifaceted. The bulk consists of regular state workers, entitled to an iron rice bowl and to higher earnings than other workers. Quite apart from the recent contract workers, however, such employment also consists of members of large and small collectives for which the state enterprise is the patron and over which it exercises control. Temporary state workers constitute a third auxiliary category that has long existed in this sector. The national government is the main body determining the number of people in the principal category of workers. However local authorities and the enterprise itself decide on the number in the auxiliary categories as well as choosing the individuals in all categories. (Throughout this article, "local" authorities are denned as including provincial, prefectural, municipal and county. This definition follows from what is appropriate to the hypotheses examined below.)

Employment in the Chinese industrial state enterprise sector is multifaceted. The bulk consists of regular state workers. Quite apart from the recent contract workers, however, such employment also consists of members of large and small collectives for which the state enterprises is the patron and over which it exercises control. The article explores employment and earnings data from a simple data set of 20 Chinese industrial organisations. The main emphasis is upon describing various auxiliary categories both of employees and of earnings. (DÜI-Sen)

I am fully in agreement with Mr. Hutchings as to the major importance of design in determining the quality of an economy's products. Indeed, I would extend this view to a statement that design is equally important in determining the appropriateness of specific methods of production in the light of the economy's physical and human resources. I think that we are all indebted to Hutchings for making the case and for distinguishing between design and technology. However, while Hutchings discusses the contribution of design to various Soviet industries, he fails to provide criteria for distinguishing between good and bad product design. It is to this elementary task that I wish primarily to direct my remarks.