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Abstract
This article combines intellectual property and comparative law insights to propose an evolutionary analysis of protection for seeds in the contemporary legal order. From a regime of commons for seeds, to plant variety protection, to patents for genetically engineered plants, exclusive rights have been progressively introduced for innovators in the field of agriculture to provide incentives in a world of growing need for food and raw materials. Such evolution has caused reduced common practices in agriculture that implied the freedom to save and exchange seeds. Among other values, a potential loss of biodiversity is the consequence. Likewise, legal systems tend to converge towards certain models of protection for innovators, although regulatory competition can exert significant pressure on states to preserve alternative models and offer solutions that balance all the values at stake.**

This essay deals with the Italian legislative framework for access to cultural heritage and its interaction with copyright laws on books and other material that reproduces artworks. A system of authorization by multiple actors and by the decentralized offices of the ministry for cultural heritage can make access harder and jeopardize the fruition of such material by researchers, thus resulting in an underutilization of Italian's cultural heritage

Google News is an unusual case where the dominant firm of the market for searches allegedly abuses its position by using news which publishers consider as subject to their copyright. Publishers claim that there is an antitrust violation and Google's service diverts users on its sites, reducing traffic for competitors. All such allegations hinge on the issue of snippets as really works of authorship, as such protected. Several interpretations of copyright laws are possible to provide an answer. Some states have responded by enacting new legislation and introducing neighboring rights on fragments of news, thus preventing Google from freely using headlines and excerpts for it purposes. Where protection was reinforced, Google's reaction was to discontinue the service, while in other situations it entered into private arrangements with online publishers, thus confirming that in an evolutionary perspective copyright laws only set the stage for efficient solutions that are found by market players in the shadow of the law.

The books aims at providing a critical view of the innovation policy in Europe and a review of the legal instruments used by the European institutions to achieve the goals of increasing the overall competitiveness of the system by fostering innovation-based economic activities. An overview of the current institutional framework of Europe in light of the announced policy plan of Europe2020 is offered. Furthermore, the consistency of the innovation policy with the goal of competitiveness is checked with respect to four main topics, such as the community patent, the transfer of technology (partic

It is debatable whether traditional competition law tools and remedies are able to deal with the digital disruption and whether it is desirable to adjust or even replace categories that have proven to be mainly suited to tackle anticompetitive conducts associated with stable innovations in market where static competition prevails. From a bottom-up perspective, such Grand Question could well be addressed looking at the European Google Shopping case, just adopted at EU level, that will be analysed below with the aim of assessing whether and to which extent the positive antitrust toolbox is flexible enough to effectively cope with the data-driven era.

The article provide a short explanation of the current legal framework after regulation n. 316/2014 on transfer of technology agreements and related Guidelines. In its second part it focuses on the antirust treatment of patent pools with particular accent on Huawei case.

Il trasferimento tecnologico è divenuto centrale nella gestione dell'innovazione e della proprietà intellettuale in enti e imprese. Si tratta di una attività relativamente nuova e dai forti contenuti interdisciplinari, che viene fatta oggetto di insegnamento soprattutto nei corsi post-universitari. Sono finora mancate opere di riferimento generale che trattino della materia dal punto di vista delle strategie, degli argomenti, delle politiche e delle procedure, con taglio pratico e con approfondimento scientifico tecnico, giuridico, manageriale. Dopo una parte introduttiva sulle strategie di valorizzazione dei risultati della ricerca, l'opera affronta in primo luogo il tema dell'organizzazione: come l'ente deve organizzarsi internamente per valorizzare i risultati della ricerca. Le ulteriori parti trattano dei canali che soprattutto gli enti di ricerca utilizzano per le attività di trasferimento tecnologico, cioè l'attività negoziale di licensing e la formazione di imprese spin-off