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In 1945 Professor K. R. Popper published a work on political theory called The Open Society and Its Enemies. It extols the "open" as against the "closed" society and criticizes those thinkers who have supposedly advocated the closed society. The first volume is concerned with criticizing Plato, whom Popper believes to be the chief totalitarian theorist of the ancient world; the second volume with the criticism of Hegel and Marx as the chief totalitarian theorists of modern Europe. This article sets out to refute what Popper says about Plato. Space forbids a defence of Hegel, although such a defence would be valuable these days when some men choose a few political sentences from Hegel, detach them from his central philosophic position, and put him in the same category as Marx. Nevertheless, Plato is a greater genius even than Hegel, so that the refutation of Popper's position can rest on what he says about the greatest of philosophers.Such a defence is incumbent on a philosopher in these days, when no adequate understanding of Plato can be assumed. Indeed in North America, where the fides implictta of the social scientists has been empirical and pragmatic, Popper's thesis is liable to convince; for it is in essence a justification of that pragmatic tradition against the rationalism of Plato. Men who want to believe that there is such a thing as an independent "social science" can find in Popper reasons for doing so.

AbstractThe predominant definition of extinction risk in conservation biology involves evaluating the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of extinction time at a particular point (the "time horizon"). Using the principles of decision theory, this article develops an alternative definition of extinction risk as the expected loss (EL) to society resulting from eventual extinction of a species. Distinct roles are identified for time preference and risk aversion. Ranges of tentative values for the parameters of the two approaches are proposed, and the performances of the two approaches are compared and contrasted for a small set of real‐world species with published extinction time distributions and a large set of hypothetical extinction time distributions. Potential issues with each approach are evaluated, and the EL approach is recommended as the better of the two. The CDF approach suffers from the fact that extinctions that occur at any time before the specified time horizon are weighted equally, while extinctions that occur beyond the specified time horizon receive no weight at all. It also suffers from the fact that the time horizon does not correspond to any natural phenomenon, and so is impossible to specify nonarbitrarily; yet the results can depend critically on the specified value. In contrast, the EL approach has the advantage of weighting extinction time continuously, with no artificial time horizon, and the parameters of the approach (the rates of time preference and risk aversion) do correspond to natural phenomena, and so can be specified nonarbitrarily.

AbstractThe present paper considers the coping strategies of families with children and adults with intellectual disabilities. It is argued that the literature on coping and resilience in families has often been overlooked in favour of deficit models of family functioning. The present study was designed to provide a further test of the transactional model of coping, but more especially, to explore which problem‐solving, cognitive and stress reduction coping strategies family members found useful. Based on the use of a coping inventory Carers Assessment of Managing Index (CAMI), coping is shown to be differentiated according to gender, life stage and family structure. Implications for continuing research into family care are considered and some questions are raised about family support.

HAWAII HAS OFTEN BEEN HERALDED FOR ITS RELATIVELY HARMONIOUS RACE RELATIONS, WHICH ENCOMPASS A GREAT DIVERSITY OF ASIAN AND PACIFIC CULTURES. THE LIVING EXAMPLE THAT THE ISLANDS' PEOPLE OFFER IS NOT RACIAL BLISS OR PERFECT EQUALITY BUT PROOF THAT THE PERPETUATION OF ETHNIC IDENTITIES CAN ACTUALLY ENHANCE RACE RELATIONS WITHIN THE LIMITS OF A SOCIAL SETTING MARKED BY (1) THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DIVERSE ETHNIC GROUPS WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF A RACIAL OR CULTURAL MAJORITY; (2) THE ADHERENCE TO THE VALUES OF TOLERANCE REPRESENTED IN THE POLYNESIAN CONCEPT OF "ALOHA KANAKA" (AN OPEN LOVE FOR HUMAN BEINGS); AND (3) THE INTEGRATION OF PACIFIC, ASIAN, EUROPEAN, AND ANGLO-AMERICAN GROUPS INTO A NEW LOCAL CULTURE.

Historischer Rückblick auf die Entwicklung des chilenischen Staates seit 1830 und Darstellung der Rahmenbedingungen für die Herausbildung des nationalen Bürgertums zwischen 1930 und 1973. Betrachtung der Situation und der politischen Rolle der Mittelklasse in den 70er Jahren am Beispiel der Provinz Cautin und Kennzeichnung des Verhältnisses zum derzeitigen Regime

Abstract
The South Shetland Trough, Antarctica, is an underexplored region for microbiological and biotechnological exploitation. Herein, we describe the isolation and characterization of the novel bacterium Lacinutrix shetlandiensis sp. nov. WUR7 from a deep-sea environment. We explored its chemical diversity via a metabologenomics approach, wherein the OSMAC strategy was strategically employed to upregulate cryptic genes for secondary metabolite production. Based on hybrid de novo whole genome sequencing and digital DNA–DNA hybridization, isolate WUR7 was identified as a novel species from the Gram-negative genus Lacinutrix. Its genome was mined for the presence of biosynthetic gene clusters with limited results. However, extensive investigation of its metabolism uncovered an unusual tryptophan decarboxylase with high sequence homology and conserved structure of the active site as compared to ZP_02040762, a highly specific tryptophan decarboxylase from Ruminococcus gnavus. Therefore, WUR7's metabolism was directed toward indole-based alkaloid biosynthesis by feeding it with L-tryptophan. As expected, its metabolome profile changed dramatically, by triggering the extracellular accumulation of a massive array of metabolites unexpressed in the absence of tryptophan. Untargeted LC-MS/MS coupled with molecular networking, followed along with chemoinformatic dereplication, allowed for the annotation of 10 indole alkaloids, belonging to β-carboline, bisindole, and monoindole classes, alongside several unknown alkaloids. These findings guided us to the isolation of a new natural bisindole alkaloid 8,9-dihydrocoscinamide B (1), as the first alkaloid from the genus Lacinutrix, whose structure was elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESIMS experiments. This comprehensive strategy allowed us to unlock the previously unexploited metabolome of L. shetlandiensis sp. nov. WUR7.