Contemporary societies are more and more culturally diverse, largely due to immigration. At the same time anti-immigrant attitudes are arising and right-wing populist parties are gaining support. Uncovering the multiple reasons that explain the raise of intolerance is a major challenge. This chapter introduces multilevel research examining the interplay of individual and contextual accounts of anti-immigration attitudes and radical right-wing voting. This approach allows examining how individuals' attitudes are shaped by the socio-structural (e.g., immigrant ratio) and normative contexts (e.g., prevailing values) in which they develop, over and above the individual-level determinants of these attitudes (e.g., threat perceptions, personal experiences with immigrants, ideological orientations such as national attachment). The development of large-scale international social surveys has enabled comparative research between and within nations, that takes into account the impact of contextual factors on individual-level processes. Moreover, the necessary multilevel research designs can now be implemented with a number of statistical software packages. Our recent research conducted in Switzerland—a country with large immigrant presence—is presented to exemplify this research approach.
"The authors investigate how different types of cultural diversity influence anti-immigration attitudes across Swiss municipalities. While from a threat theory perspective, a high number of immigrants within a region increases (perceived) threat which fosters negative immigration attitudes, intergroup contact theory contends that culturally diverse societal contexts increase opportunities for contacts with immigrants, which give rise to more positive immigration attitudes. Prior research on ethnic hierarchies and host society acculturation attitudes led us to hypothesize that the presence of valued, 'culturally similar' immigrants from wealthier countries increases contact and decreases threat, thereby reducing anti-immigrant prejudice. The presence of devalued, 'culturally distant' immigrants from poorer countries should increase threat perceptions and dissuade contact thus heightening prejudice. A multilevel studywas conducted using the 2002 European Social Survey (N=1.472 Swiss citizens, N=185 municipalities). Replicating previous research, contact reduced exclusionary immigration attitudes through reduced threat. On the municipality level, higher proportion of North and West European immigrants increased contact, thus reducing threat. A larger proportion of Muslims was related to an increase in threat, leading to more pronounced exclusionary attitudes, but also to increased contact. Finally, the discuss how the impact of diversity depends on the social construction of immigrant categories, respondents' social position and ideological stances, and the prevailing local ideological climate." (author's abstract)
In: Swiss political science review: SPSR = Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft : SZPW = Revue suisse de science politique : RSSP, Band 17, Heft 4, S. 369-393
Abstract: Using Swiss data from the 2003 International Social Survey Programme (N = 902), this multilevel study combined individual and municipality levels of analysis in the explanation of nationalism, patriotism and exclusionary immigration attitudes. On the individual level, the results show that in line with previous research nationalism (uncritical and blind attachment to the nation) increased exclusionary immigration attitudes, while patriotism (pride in national democratic institutions) was related to greater tolerance towards immigration. On the municipality level, urbanization, socioeconomic status and immigrant proportion (and their interaction effects) were found to affect nationalism, patriotism and immigration attitudes. Nationalist and patriotic forms of national attachment were stronger in German‐speaking municipalities than in the French‐speaking municipalities. Path analyses further revealed that living in a Swiss‐German municipality indirectly led to more negative immigration attitudes through an increase in nationalism. The research is discussed in light of social psychological and political science literature on political attitudes.
En décembre en 2019, le premier cas de COVID-19 est détecté en Chine. Le nombre de cas augmentant rapidement sur le plan international, l'OMS donne à la COVID-19 le statut de pandémie en mars 2020 et le Conseil Fédéral Suisse instaure un semi-confinement dès le 13 mars 2020. Dès lors, les services de santé suisses ont été contraints de se réorganiser et d'augmenter leur capacité pour prendre en charge les patient·e·s COVID-19. En parallèle, le gouvernement a émis des recommandations afin de protéger les personnes vulnérables et d'éviter la surcharge des hôpitaux. Ces recommandations sont basées sur le respect de règles de distanciation sociale et de gestes barrières (p.ex. : l'hygiène des mains et le port du masque), et ont été accompagnées de mesures exceptionnelles telles que la fermeture ponctuelle des restaurants, des commerces, des espaces culturels et sportifs, la généralisation du télétravail, etc. L'adhésion de la population à ces mesures, qui ont pu être parfois contraignantes, dépend des représentations et de la compréhension qu'elle a de la maladie : quelles sont ses origines, son mode de propagation, les stratégies efficaces pour s'en protéger, les enjeux sanitaires, etc. Connaître ces représentations et la façon dont la population appréhende la maladie et ses enjeux est dès lors crucial pour adapter la communication et les politiques publiques et, ainsi, lutter efficacement contre la propagation du virus. Dans ce but, nous avons réalisé une étude par questionnaire auprès d'un échantillon de la population adulte de trois cantons suisses : Genève, Vaud et Fribourg. Nous présentons, dans ce document, les principaux résultats en fonction de l'âge et du genre des répondant·e·s.
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We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely high-powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen's ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.